Age of Early European Explorations

1
The Age of Early European Explorations Early
Conquests
1450-1750
2
Satellite View of Europe
3
REGIONS
4
Continents by Size (sq. km.)
Asia 44,579,000
Africa 30,065,000
North America 24,256,000
South America 17,819,000
Antarctica 13,209,000
Europe 9,938,000
Oceania (incl. Australia)   7,687,000
5
Europe A Peninsula of Peninsulas?
OR
A Peninsula of Asia?
6
Europe An Asian Peninsula?
7
Why exploration?

• Basic Resources and Trade
• Land, cash crops, new crops
• New trade routes to Asia
• Silk, spices, porcelain, etc.
• Expand influence of Christianity
• Missionary religion
• Franciscan and Dominican Monks
• Reconquista

8
A Map of the Known World, pre- 1492
9
Trade Winds
10
Earlier Explorations

1. Islam the Spice Trade à Malacca
2. A New Player à Europe
3. Nicolo, Maffeo, Marco Polo, 1271
4. Expansion becomes a state enterprise à monarchs
   had the authority the resources.
5. Better seaworthy ships.
6. Chinese Admiral Zheng He the Ming Treasure
   Fleet

11
Motives for European Exploration

1. Crusades --gtby-pass intermediaries to get to
   Asia.
2. Renaissance --gtcuriosity about other lands and
   peoples.
3. Reformation--gtrefugees missionaries.
4. Monarchs seeking new sources of revenue.
5. Technological advances.
6. Fame and fortune.

12
New Maritime Technologies
Better Maps Portulan
Hartman Astrolabe(1532)
Mariners Compass?
Sextant
13
New Weapons Technology
Volta do mar
Return through The sea
14
Prince Henry, the Navigator
1394-1460
West Africa

• School for Navigation, 1419

15
Museum of Navigationin Lisbon
16
Portuguese Maritime Empire

• Exploring the west coast of Africa.
• Bartolomeo Dias P, 1487
• -Cape of Good Hope
• Vasco da Gama P, 1498.
• Calicut.
• Admiral Alfonso de Albuquerque P(Goa, 1510
  Malacca, 1511).

17
Bartolomeu Dias- 1487

• nobleman of the Portuguese royal household was a
  Portuguese explorer who sailed around the
  southernmost tip of Africa in 1488
• the first European known to have done so

18
De Gama- 1498

• a Portuguese explorer, one of the most successful
  in the Age of Discovery and the commander of the
  first ships to sail directly from Europe to
  India.
• For a short time in 1524, he was the Governor of
  Portuguese India, under the title of Viceroy (GOA)

19
Alfonso de Albuquerque- 1510

• Portuguese nobleman, an admiral whose military
  and administrative activities as second governor
  of Portuguese India conquered and established the
  Portuguese colonial empire in the Indian Ocean.
• He is generally considered a world conquest
  military genius, given his successful strategy
  he attempted to close all the Indian ocean naval
  passages to the Atlantic, Red Sea, Persian Gulf,
  and to the Pacific
• The Terrible, The Great, The Caesar of the East

20
Christoforo Colombo 1451-1506
Genoese mariner
21
Christopher Columbus

• explorer, colonizer, and navigator, born in the
  Republic of Genoa
• Under the auspices of the Catholic Monarchs of
  Spain, he completed four voyages across the
  Atlantic Ocean that led to general European
  awareness of the American continents in the
  Western Hemisphere
• Those voyages, and his efforts to establish
  permanent settlements in the island of
  Hispaniola, initiated the process of Spanish
  colonization, which foreshadowed the general
  European colonization of the "New World".

22
Columbus Four Voyages
23
Christopher Columbus (14521-1504)

• In the context of emerging western imperialism
  and economic competition between European
  kingdoms seeking wealth through the establishment
  of trade routes and colonies, Columbus'
  far-fetched proposal to reach the East Indies by
  sailing westward received the support of the
  Spanish crown, which saw in it a promise, however
  remote, of gaining the upper hand over rival
  powers in the contest for the lucrative spice
  trade with Asia
• Instead of reaching Japan as he had intended,
  Columbus landed in the Bahamas archipelago, at a
  locale he named San Salvador. Over the course of
  three more voyages, Columbus visited the Greater
  and Lesser Antilles, as well as the Caribbean
  coast of Venezuela and Central America, claiming
  them for the Spanish Empire
• The Land Grab begins

24
What if Columbus would not have made it to the
New World?
25
Other Voyages of Exploration
26
Voyages of Exploration

• Vasco Nunez de Balboa--gtPacific Ocean
• Fernao de Magalhaes (1480-1521)--gtService of
  Spain
• James Cook (1728-1779)--gtPolynesia and Hawaii
• British, French, Dutch, Russians?
• Trade and Conflict would follow

27
Vasco Nunez de Balboa

• Spanish explorer, governor, and conquistador.
• Crossed the Isthmus of Panama to the Pacific
  Ocean in 1513, becoming the first European to
  lead an expedition to have seen or reached the
  Pacific from the New World
• Founded a settlement in present-day Colombia in
  1510, which was the first permanent European
  settlement on the mainland of the Americas

28
Fernando de Magallanes

• Portuguese explorer Served King Charles I of
  Spain in search of a westward route to the "Spice
  Islands" (modern Maluku Islands in Indonesia).
• Magellan's expedition of 15191522 became the
  first expedition to sail from the Atlantic Ocean
  into the Pacific Ocean
• the first circumnavigation of the Earth?Magellan
  himself did not complete

29
Ferdinand Magellan Circumnavigation Early 16c
30
John Cabot / Giovanni Caboto

• Italian navigator and explorer whose 1497
  discovery of parts of North America is commonly
  held to have been the first European encounter
  with the continent of North America since the
  Norse Vikings
• Position of the Canadian and United Kingdom
  governments is that he landed on the island of
  Newfoundland

31
Atlantic Explorations
Looking for El Dorado
32
Sebationo Cabato

• 1525?with the command of a fleet which was to
  determine from astronomical observation the
  precise demarcation of the Treaty of Tordesillas
  and then to convey settlers to the Moluccas
• Expedition consisted of four ships with 200 men
• Voyage might have resulted in a second
  circumnavigation of the world. Upon landing in
  Brazil, however, rumors of the wealth of the
  Incan king caused Cabot to abandon his charge and
  instead further explore the interior of the Río
  de la Plata

33
James Cook (1728-1779)

• British explorer, navigator and cartographer
• Made detailed maps of Newfoundland prior to
  making three voyages to the Pacific Ocean
• First European contact with the eastern coastline
  of Australia and the Hawaiian Islands, as well
  New Zealand
• Saw action in the Seven Years' War, and
  subsequently surveyed and mapped much of the
  entrance to the Saint Lawrence River during the
  siege of Quebec

34
Why would the 'Columbian Exchange' be considered
the tsunami of unintentional "bio-terrorism"??
35
The Columbian Exchange
Squash Avocado Peppers Sweet Potatoes
Turkey Pumpkin Tobacco Quinine
Cocoa Pineapple Cassava POTATO
Peanut TOMATO Vanilla MAIZE
Syphilis
Trinkets
Liquor
GUNS
Olive COFFEE BEAN Banana Rice
Onion Turnip Honeybee Barley
Grape Peach SUGAR CANE Oats
Citrus Fruits Pear Wheat HORSE
Cattle Sheep Pigs Smallpox
Flu Typhus Measles Malaria
Diptheria Whooping Cough
36
Cycle of Conquest Colonization
Explorers
Conquistadores
OfficialEuropeanColony!
Missionaries
PermanentSettlers
37
Treasuresfrom the Americas
38
African Trade 15c-17c
39
Pre-19c European Trade with Africa
40
EuropeanNationalism
Source for Raw Materials
MissionaryActivity
Industrial Revolution
European Motives For Colonization
Markets forFinishedGoods
Military NavalBases
SocialDarwinism
Places toDumpUnwanted/Excess Popul.
EuropeanRacism
HumanitarianReasons
Soc. Eco.Opportunities
WhiteMansBurden
41
European Explorers in Africa
19c ? Europeans Map the Interior of Africa
42
What is next for Africa?
Berlin Conference-gt1884
43
The Age of Early European Explorations Conquests
1450-1750
44
European Geography and Topography
1450-1750
45
REGIONS
46
Northern Peninsulas
Scandinavian Peninsula
Jutland Peninsula
47
Southern Peninsulas
CrimeanPeninsula
Iberian Peninsula
Italian Peninsula
Balkan Peninsula
Anatolian Peninsula
48
Why is access to water important?
49
Bodies of Water
ArcticOcean
AtlanticOcean
North Sea
Baltic Sea
English Channel
CaspianSea
Bay ofBiscay
BlackSea
BosporusStrait
Adriatic Sea
AegeanSea
TyrrhenianSea
Strait ofGibraltar
Mediterranean Sea
50
The Mediterranean Sea Mare Nostrum
Strait of Gibraltar the Pillars of Hercules

• 2,400 miles long 1,000 miles wide
• Crossroads of 3 Continents

Caesarea on the Israeli coast
51
Rivers
Volga R.
Don R.
Thames R.
Elbe R.
Vistula R.
Oder R.
Rhine R.
Dnieper R.
Seine R.
Loire R.
Danube R.
Po R.
Tagus R.
Tiber R.
Ebro R.
52
The Danube River
Where Buda Pest Meet
The Danube

• Flows through the 12 countries of Germany,
  Austria, Slovakia, Hungary, Serbia, Croatia,
  Bosnia and Herzegovina, Slovenia, Bulgaria,
  Romania, and the Ukraine.

53
The Volga River

• The longest river in Europe --gt 2,300 miles.

54
Why are most of the capitals of Europe on major
rivers?
55
Capitals on the Rivers (1)
Paris, right bank of the Seine
London on the Thames
Prague on the Vltava
Budapest on the Danube
56
Capitals on the Rivers (2)
Moscow on the Moscow River
Berlin on the Spree
Rome on the Tiber
Vienna on the Danube
57
Answer
They are Europes lifeline!
58
MoutainsPeaks
Ural Mts.
Carpathian Mts.
Caucasus Mts.
Alps Mts.
Pyrennes Mts.
Dinaric Alps
Apennines Mts.
Mt. Vesuvius
Mt. Olympus
Mt. Etna
59
The Alps

• Cover most of Switzerland, Austria, and parts
  of Italy and France.

60
The Caucasus Mountains

• The origin of the word Caucasian.

61
Ural Mountains The Great Divide?
1500 miles

• Divides the European and Asian sections of
  Russia.

62
Siberian Lowlands
Plains
Northern European Plain
Steppes
63
Siberia --gt Permafrost

• Average temperatures of January vary from 0
  to -50C, and in July from 1 to 25C

• A rich and remote land.

64
Climate
65
Europes Natural Regions
66
The North European Plain
67
The Northern European Plain --gt An Invasion Route
into Asia ( Vice Versa?)
68
Steppes Europes Breadbasket
69
The Steppes

• Many changes, yet little changes

70
Many lands cleared for farming
71
Tundra The Not-So-Barren LandBelow the Arctic
Circle
72
Land Use
73
Agricultural Activity
74
REGIONS
75
European Geography and Topography
1450-1750