Title: The End of the Middle Ages
1The End of the Middle Ages
2The Battle of Hastings
- In October 1066, a daylong battle known as the
Battle of Hastings ended the reign of the
Anglo-Saxons and began the Norman Conquest.
3William the Conqueror
- In the battle, Duke William of Normandy, known as
William the Conqueror, defeated King Harold of
England, the last of the Anglo Saxon kings.
William did not want to kill the Anglo Saxons, he
just wanted to rule them. The new group under
Williams reign became known as the Anglo-Normans.
4Some Important Historical Events1066 Norman
Conquest KNOW THIS DATE
- Old French became language of power, commerce,
and religion in England - End of Old English (looks/sounds very German the
language of Beowulf) - French merged with Old English to produce Middle
English, the language of Chaucerclose enough to
modern English that we can recognize it.
- William of Normandy (called William the
Conqueror), who already controlled northern
France, invaded and conquered England in 1066
C.E., with the decisive victory at the Battle of
Hastings.
5The Feudal System
- The Anglo-Normans brought a new language, French,
and a new social system, feudalism, to the
country. - Feudalism was not just a social system, but also
a caste system, a property system, and a military
system.
6The Feudal System
- The basic chain of feudalism was as follows
- 1. God
- 2. Kings
- 3. Nobles (Barons, Bishops, etc.)
- 4. Knights- who did not own land
- 5. Serfs or peasants- who did not own land
7Some Important Historical EventsDomesday Book
commissioned by William the Conqueror in 1087
- Census, land register, and income record to
create a tax roll - Can learn a lot about commerce, absolutely
everything that everyone owned - Learn a lot about common names and daily life
- According to the Domesday Book, slavery was
fairly commonplace. - Lists 10 of Englands people as slaves.
- Germanic tribes also enslaved Slavic neighbors
(thus the word slavery). - Africans were sold across the Islamic world.
- Can see original copy in the British Library (a
museum of manuscripts)
8The Three Estates
- The three estates (social classes) in the Middle
Ages were Aristocracy (kings and their vassals),
Clergy (Those who prayed- priests, monks, nuns,
friars, etc.), and the Commons (everyone else-
doctors, lawyers, clerks, yeomen, etc).
9The Crusades
- The Crusades (1095-1270), a series of wars waged
by European Christians against Muslims, were
waged during the period. - The prize of The Crusades was Jerusalem and the
Holy Land.
10Some Important Historical EventsCRUSADES
- 8 crusades in total over 200 yearsthe last 7
failed horribly due to disease, cold, hunger, and
battles. - Another negative effect from the point of view of
the Christian Western Europeans galvanized
Muslims and gave them a stronger
foothold/following in the Middle East the
opposite of their goal.
- 1095
- Pope Urban II called for a holy war against the
Muslim Turks who controlled what he saw as the
Christian Holy Land of Palestine. - Pope said if you died fighting in a crusade, you
would go to heaven.
11Some Important Historical EventsCRUSADES,cont.
- SOME BENEFITS TO EUROPE
- Increased trade and new merchant class.
- Increase in art and education Greek language and
Plato studied again philosophy, math.
- Increase in religious inspiration due to
dedication to God art, architecture. - Crusades also greatly contributed to a secular
kind of hero-worship of knights (shown in
tapestries, tales).
12Some Important Cultural Changes Peasant
Uprisings Plague
- Guilds grew in late middle ages.
- Craftsmen each had their own guild ropemakers,
armorers, mailmakers, master dyers, stonemasons,
weavers, etc. - Plague freed many from vassalage and opened up
opportunities.
- Difficult hierarchical training program from
apprentice to master and job placement.
Functioned as a union of sorts. Guilds became
very rich and powerful over time. - Origin of freemasons, for instance.
13St. Thomas a Becket
- Thomas a Becket, the archbishop of Canterbury,
was murdered in his own cathedral by four knights
because he too often sided with the pope instead
of the King Henry who had appointed him to the
position. - Beckets murder enraged the common people who
deemed him a martyr and they lashed out against
King Henry which weakened the kings power in his
struggle with Rome.
14Gothic Architectureprevalent in W. Europe from
12th 15th Cen. C.E.
- Everything reaches to heaven, to God
- Pointed arches
- High, narrow vaults
- Thinner walls
- Flying buttresses
- Elaborate, ornate, airier interiors
- Stained-glass windows
15The Magna Carta
- The Magna Carta was signed by King John in 1215.
- The Magna Carta was a document that limited the
Churchs power.
16The Hundred Years War
- The English and French entered into the Hundred
Years War (1337-1453) because two English kings
were claiming they were to take the French
throne. - This war showed that England was no longer
represented by the armor clad knight but by the
green clad yeoman. Common people were taking up
the fight for their country.
17The Black Death
- The Black Death, or bubonic plague, struck
England in 1348-1349. - The Black Death was highly contagious and killed
approximately one third of the population. - The Black Death caused the end of feudalism.
18The Crusades
- They ended disastrously
- Many knights never returned.Those that did lost
most of their holdings - Many serfs escaped to towns and demanded more pay
and more rights. - The Church lost prestige
- As towns grew feudalism died out the power of
the nobles decreased while the power of the king
increased
19The Hundred Years War1326-1477
- Long struggle between France and England
- Fought over the Duchy of Aquatain
- 1340 Edward III invades France and defeats French
fleet. Leads to English naval dominance for the
next 30 years - War interrupted by Black Death for 8 years
- New Weapons and tactics such as the long bow and
eventually the canon - Brings about the end of chivalry
20The Battles of Crecy, Pointers and
Agincourt
- English win huge tracts of land in France
- The knights on horseback were over matched by the
English Archers. The archers consistently were
out numbered and yet won all three Battles. - Agincourt was the most lopsided of all. The
English led by Henry V had 6000 men against a
force of 20000-30000 French. - The longbows proved too much for the heavily
armored French Knights
21The Black Death
- The bubonic plague-Horse riding Mongols carried
infected fleas from China-Spread by traders to
the West - Killed between 60 and 70 million people and wiped
out 1/3 of Europe's population - Effects- decimated trade, town populations
decreased, farms were abandoned, manorial system
crumbles, higher wage demands and peasant
revolts, Church loses prestige (flagellants and
prayers have little effect), Anti-Semitism rose,
pessimism and apocalyptic beliefs grew
22Joan of Arc
23Joan of Arc
- Five years after Agincourt The French signed a
treaty saying that King Henry V of England would
inherit the French thrown after the death Charles
VI - A teenage peasant girl believes she has visions
from God telling her to drive the English out of
France - Joan of Arc renews the French spirit and leads
France to victories over the English including
the siege of Orleans - She convinced Charles to go with her to Rheims
where he is crowned king of France. This turned
the tide of the War and from this point on
Englands position in France grew weaker and
weaker
24The Death of A Saint
- Joan is captured by Burgundians loyal to England
and turned over for trial - The English turned her over to the Church who
tried her for witchcraft - Charles VII abandons her
- She was condemned by the Church and burned as a
witch. - 25 years later The Church determined that her
trial was improperly conducted and declared her
not guilty - In 1920 she was declared a saint by the Church
25The Great Western Sch ism1378-1417
- Pope Boniface VIII vs. King Philip IV of France
- Avignon Popes and the College of Cardinals
- Three popes at once?
- Anti popes and the Council of Constance
- Election of Pope Martin V ends schism
- The Church becomes weakened and the kings power
increases
26The End of Feudalism
- Kings gain upper hand in struggle for power with
nobles - New warfare
- Breakdown of manorialism with the rise of cities
- The Black Death
- Rise of Nationalism
- Corruption and scandal lead to a weakening of the
Church
271
282
293
304
315
326