The End of the Middle Ages

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The End of the Middle Ages

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The Battle of Hastings

• In October 1066, a daylong battle known as the
  Battle of Hastings ended the reign of the
  Anglo-Saxons and began the Norman Conquest.

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William the Conqueror

• In the battle, Duke William of Normandy, known as
  William the Conqueror, defeated King Harold of
  England, the last of the Anglo Saxon kings.
  William did not want to kill the Anglo Saxons, he
  just wanted to rule them. The new group under
  Williams reign became known as the Anglo-Normans.

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Some Important Historical Events1066 Norman
Conquest KNOW THIS DATE

• Old French became language of power, commerce,
  and religion in England
• End of Old English (looks/sounds very German the
  language of Beowulf)
• French merged with Old English to produce Middle
  English, the language of Chaucerclose enough to
  modern English that we can recognize it.

• William of Normandy (called William the
  Conqueror), who already controlled northern
  France, invaded and conquered England in 1066
  C.E., with the decisive victory at the Battle of
  Hastings.

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The Feudal System

• The Anglo-Normans brought a new language, French,
  and a new social system, feudalism, to the
  country.
• Feudalism was not just a social system, but also
  a caste system, a property system, and a military
  system.

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The Feudal System

• The basic chain of feudalism was as follows
• 1. God
• 2. Kings
• 3. Nobles (Barons, Bishops, etc.)
• 4. Knights- who did not own land
• 5. Serfs or peasants- who did not own land

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Some Important Historical EventsDomesday Book
commissioned by William the Conqueror in 1087

• Census, land register, and income record to
  create a tax roll
• Can learn a lot about commerce, absolutely
  everything that everyone owned
• Learn a lot about common names and daily life

• According to the Domesday Book, slavery was
  fairly commonplace.
• Lists 10 of Englands people as slaves.
• Germanic tribes also enslaved Slavic neighbors
  (thus the word slavery).
• Africans were sold across the Islamic world.
• Can see original copy in the British Library (a
  museum of manuscripts)

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The Three Estates

• The three estates (social classes) in the Middle
  Ages were Aristocracy (kings and their vassals),
  Clergy (Those who prayed- priests, monks, nuns,
  friars, etc.), and the Commons (everyone else-
  doctors, lawyers, clerks, yeomen, etc).

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The Crusades

• The Crusades (1095-1270), a series of wars waged
  by European Christians against Muslims, were
  waged during the period.
• The prize of The Crusades was Jerusalem and the
  Holy Land.

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Some Important Historical EventsCRUSADES

• 8 crusades in total over 200 yearsthe last 7
  failed horribly due to disease, cold, hunger, and
  battles.
• Another negative effect from the point of view of
  the Christian Western Europeans galvanized
  Muslims and gave them a stronger
  foothold/following in the Middle East the
  opposite of their goal.

• 1095
• Pope Urban II called for a holy war against the
  Muslim Turks who controlled what he saw as the
  Christian Holy Land of Palestine.
• Pope said if you died fighting in a crusade, you
  would go to heaven.

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Some Important Historical EventsCRUSADES,cont.

• SOME BENEFITS TO EUROPE
• Increased trade and new merchant class.
• Increase in art and education Greek language and
  Plato studied again philosophy, math.

• Increase in religious inspiration due to
  dedication to God art, architecture.
• Crusades also greatly contributed to a secular
  kind of hero-worship of knights (shown in
  tapestries, tales).

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Some Important Cultural Changes Peasant
Uprisings Plague

• Guilds grew in late middle ages.
• Craftsmen each had their own guild ropemakers,
  armorers, mailmakers, master dyers, stonemasons,
  weavers, etc.
• Plague freed many from vassalage and opened up
  opportunities.

• Difficult hierarchical training program from
  apprentice to master and job placement.
  Functioned as a union of sorts. Guilds became
  very rich and powerful over time.
• Origin of freemasons, for instance.

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St. Thomas a Becket

• Thomas a Becket, the archbishop of Canterbury,
  was murdered in his own cathedral by four knights
  because he too often sided with the pope instead
  of the King Henry who had appointed him to the
  position.
• Beckets murder enraged the common people who
  deemed him a martyr and they lashed out against
  King Henry which weakened the kings power in his
  struggle with Rome.

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Gothic Architectureprevalent in W. Europe from
12th 15th Cen. C.E.

• Everything reaches to heaven, to God

• Features

• Pointed arches
• High, narrow vaults
• Thinner walls
• Flying buttresses
• Elaborate, ornate, airier interiors
• Stained-glass windows

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The Magna Carta

• The Magna Carta was signed by King John in 1215.
• The Magna Carta was a document that limited the
  Churchs power.

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The Hundred Years War

• The English and French entered into the Hundred
  Years War (1337-1453) because two English kings
  were claiming they were to take the French
  throne.
• This war showed that England was no longer
  represented by the armor clad knight but by the
  green clad yeoman. Common people were taking up
  the fight for their country.

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The Black Death

• The Black Death, or bubonic plague, struck
  England in 1348-1349.
• The Black Death was highly contagious and killed
  approximately one third of the population.
• The Black Death caused the end of feudalism.

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The Crusades

• They ended disastrously
• Many knights never returned.Those that did lost
  most of their holdings
• Many serfs escaped to towns and demanded more pay
  and more rights.
• The Church lost prestige
• As towns grew feudalism died out the power of
  the nobles decreased while the power of the king
  increased

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The Hundred Years War1326-1477

• Long struggle between France and England
• Fought over the Duchy of Aquatain
• 1340 Edward III invades France and defeats French
  fleet. Leads to English naval dominance for the
  next 30 years
• War interrupted by Black Death for 8 years
• New Weapons and tactics such as the long bow and
  eventually the canon
• Brings about the end of chivalry

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The Battles of Crecy, Pointers and
Agincourt

• English win huge tracts of land in France
• The knights on horseback were over matched by the
  English Archers. The archers consistently were
  out numbered and yet won all three Battles.
• Agincourt was the most lopsided of all. The
  English led by Henry V had 6000 men against a
  force of 20000-30000 French.
• The longbows proved too much for the heavily
  armored French Knights

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The Black Death

• The bubonic plague-Horse riding Mongols carried
  infected fleas from China-Spread by traders to
  the West
• Killed between 60 and 70 million people and wiped
  out 1/3 of Europe's population
• Effects- decimated trade, town populations
  decreased, farms were abandoned, manorial system
  crumbles, higher wage demands and peasant
  revolts, Church loses prestige (flagellants and
  prayers have little effect), Anti-Semitism rose,
  pessimism and apocalyptic beliefs grew

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Joan of Arc
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Joan of Arc

• Five years after Agincourt The French signed a
  treaty saying that King Henry V of England would
  inherit the French thrown after the death Charles
  VI
• A teenage peasant girl believes she has visions
  from God telling her to drive the English out of
  France
• Joan of Arc renews the French spirit and leads
  France to victories over the English including
  the siege of Orleans
• She convinced Charles to go with her to Rheims
  where he is crowned king of France. This turned
  the tide of the War and from this point on
  Englands position in France grew weaker and
  weaker

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The Death of A Saint

• Joan is captured by Burgundians loyal to England
  and turned over for trial
• The English turned her over to the Church who
  tried her for witchcraft
• Charles VII abandons her
• She was condemned by the Church and burned as a
  witch.
• 25 years later The Church determined that her
  trial was improperly conducted and declared her
  not guilty
• In 1920 she was declared a saint by the Church

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The Great Western Sch ism1378-1417

• Pope Boniface VIII vs. King Philip IV of France
• Avignon Popes and the College of Cardinals
• Three popes at once?
• Anti popes and the Council of Constance
• Election of Pope Martin V ends schism
• The Church becomes weakened and the kings power
  increases

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The End of Feudalism

• Kings gain upper hand in struggle for power with
  nobles
• New warfare
• Breakdown of manorialism with the rise of cities
• The Black Death
• Rise of Nationalism
• Corruption and scandal lead to a weakening of the
  Church

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