Title: Energy and Life
1Energy Metabolism
2Matter Energy
- Matter- anything that takes up space and has mass
- Energy- the ability to do work
- Kinetic (energy in motion)
- Potential (stored)
3Energy takes on different forms in the body
- Chemical- ATP?ADP Pi (glycolysis)
- Mechanical- muscles moving, producing heat,
digestion - Electrical- charges particles Na/K, Ca,
nerve and muscle - Radiant (electromagnetic)- energy that travels
in waves (visible, UV, IR) ? Retina,
light?skin?vitamin D
4Consequences of This Energy (Work)
- Maintaining Homeostasis
- Reproduction, Development Growth
- Movement
5Potential vs Kinetic Energy
6Potential Energy Stored energy
7Potential Energy Chemical Energy
8Kinetic Energy Energy in motion
9Kinetic Energy Molecular Motion
10Exergonic vs Endergonic Reactions
- Endergonic- A nonspontaneous chemical reaction
where energy is absorbed from the surroundings
- Exergonic- A spontaneous chemical reaction where
there is a net release of free energy
11Endergonic Reactions
6CO2 6H2O energy ? C6H12O6 6O2 ADP Pi
energy ? ATP
Energy
Product
Reactants
12Exergonic Reactions
C6H12O6 6O2 ? 6CO2 6H2O energy ATP ?
ADP Pi energy
Energy released
Reactants
Products
13ATP
14Hydrolysis of ATP
ATP ? ADP Pi energy
15Enzymes
- Catalysts- speed up a reaction
- Not used up by reaction
- Decrease activation energy of a reaction
- (activation energy is needed to break chemical
bonds)
Enzymatic reactions are affected by
- Temperature
- pH
- Substrate conc.
- Enzyme conc.
16Enzymes
Are very specific for their substrate
Substrates Bind only to a
restricted region of the enzyme (active site)
Held in place by weak interactions
(H-bonds)
Active site
Substrate (sucrose)
Enzyme (sucrase)
Specificity of enzyme
Lock and key
17The Functioning of Enzymes
active site
18Activation Energy
19Activation Energy
20Regulating Enzyme Activity
Enzyme
21Regulating Enzyme Activity
22Metabolism
- The sum total of the chemical processes that
occur in living organisms, resulting in growth,
production of energy, elimination of waste
material, etc. - Anabolism- build up of complex molecules
- Catabolism- break down of complex molecules
23Fates of Organic Building Blocks in ATP Metabolism
ORGANIC BUILDING BLOCK MOLECULES Monosaccharides A
mino acids Acetates Nucleotide bases
ATP
energy
catabolic processes
energy
anabolic processes
ADPPi
Polymers other energy rich molecules
CO2 H2O
24Cellular Respiration
C6H12O6 6O2 36ADP 36Pi ? 6CO2
6H2O 36ATP
25Basic Steps Involved
1
Glycolysis
2
Acetyl CoA Formation
3
Krebs Cycle
4
Electron Transport System
26Overview of Glycolysis
27Fats
Glycogen
Protein
Other Metabolic Pathways
28Glycolysis
29Glycolysis
P
ATP
ADP
ADP
ADP
NAD
P
H
P
ADP
ATP
NAD
Glucose
H
P
2 pyruvate
ATP
NADH
ATP
ADP
ATP
P
ATP
NADH
ADP
P
- Net
- 2 ATP
- 2 NADH
- 2 Pyruvate molecules
Cystol
30Balance Sheet for Glycolysis
- Input
- 1 Glucose
- 2 ADP Pi
- 2 NAD
- Output
- 2 Pyruvate
- 2 ATP
- 2 NADH
ADP
ADP
P
P
NAD
NAD
ATP
ATP
NADH
NADH
31Transition Reaction
2 pyruvates
NAD
CO2
CoA
NADH
H
2 Acetyl CoAs
322 Acetyl CoAs
Transition Reaction
CoA
FADH2
Krebs Cycle
2
CO2
FAD
3NAD 3H
NADH
NADH
ATP
NADH
3
ADPPi
33Krebs Cycle
34Balance Sheet for the Transition Reaction and
Krebs Cycle
- Input
- 2 Pyruvate
- 2 ADP 2 Pi
- 8 NAD
- 2 FAD
- Output
- 6 CO2
- 2 ATP
- 8 NADH
- 2 FADH2
35Krebs Cycle
Handles other substrates Intermediate molecules
used proteins and lipids Replenishment of
intermediates necessary
Hans Krebs (1937) paper originally rejected
36Krebs Cycle
Takes 2 complete cycles 8 steps, each with an
enzyme
373
Krebs Cycle
38Oxidative Phosphorylation
http//vcell.ndsu.nodak.edu/animations/etc/movie.h
tm
39Each Glucose Molecule
CO2 6 NADH 10 FADH2 2 ATP 4
40Electron Transport System
CO2 6 NADH 10 FADH2 2 ATP 4
used to make ATP
414
Electron Transport System
42Electron Transport System
43(No Transcript)
44Net ATP Yield
34 to 36 molecules ATP for every glucose molecule
about 40 efficiency
45Transition cycle
46Overall ATP Production
Electron Transport System 34 Citric Acid
Cycle 2 Glycolysis 2 SUBTOTAL 38 NADH Transport
into Mitochondrion -2 TOTAL 36
47Fermentation (Anaerobic Respiration)
48Anaerobic Respiration (Lactic Acid Fermentation/
Glycolysis)
49INQUIRY
- What is the end product in glycolysis?
- What substance is produced by the oxidation of
pyruvate and feeds into the citric acid cycle? - Name a product of fermentation.
- What role does O2 play in aerobic respiration?
- What stage during cellular respiration is the
most ATP synthesized? - What is chemiosmosis?
- When NAD and FAD are reduced what do they form?
- What are they used for?