Title: Exploring Minority Enclave Areas in Montr
1Exploring Minority Enclave Areas in Montréal,
Toronto, and Vancouver
- Daniel Hiebert
- Metropolis British Columbia and Geography, UBC
- June, 2009
2Acknowledgement
- Thanks to Multiculturalism Branch of CIC (was in
Heritage when this research was commissioned) - Thanks to Canadian Heritage for access to a
special tabulation of data
3Outline
- Context Growing interest in the geography of
immigrant settlement and social diversity - Basic questions motivating the study
- Methodology Neighbourhood typology
- Analysis Enclave dynamics in MTV
- Conclusion Should we be concerned?
41. The context Growing public interest
- Are poor, 'ethnic' areas cages? Doug Saunders The
Globe Mail. 2 March 2009 - How best to serve students in culturally
clustered schools? Educators debate need for
same-culture role models amid reality of
'segregated' schools Louise Brown. Toronto Star.
May 20, 2008. pg. A.6 - In urban areas, minorities no longer Visible
minorities dominate some Toronto suburbs Graeme
Hamilton. National Post. Apr 3, 2008. pg. A.1 - In praise of ghettoes San Grewal. Toronto Star.
Feb 2, 2008. pg. ID.2 - New immigrants to GTA choosing suburbs over city,
Uof T study finds Natalie Alcoba. National Post.
Apr 1, 2008. pg. A.9 - Do ethnic enclaves impede integration? Marina
Jiménez. The Globe and Mail. Feb 8, 2007. pg. A.8
5Interest from government and NGOs
6Why the interest?
- Maybe the micro-patterns of residential location
are irrelevant to national public policy - But
- The media makes these inescapable issues
- Housing is fundamental to the settlement process
- where can tell you a lot about how (i.e., how
well is integration going?)
7Further potential connections and questions
- Are worsening economic outcomes for newcomers
linked to their geography of settlement? - Are cultures of poverty being developed, of
immigrants / visible minorities adopting
defeatist attitudes and transmitting them to
their Canadian-born children? - Could this be a source of social tension?
- Is there a possibility of race-based riots, as in
some other countries? (Diane Francis Martin
Collacott)
8Academic work
- In general enclaves are interpreted in polarized
terms - As revealing economic marginalization and a lack
of assimilation / integration - Or as helpful social environments essential to
the well-being of newcomers and members of
minority groups
9International context
- These questions are at the forefront of public
debate in many countries, especially in Europe - Terrorist acts, riots (UK, France),
politically-motivated murder (Netherlands), have
all contributed to these concerns - Several countries have even adopted
desegregation policies - Public opinion is sharply negative of perceived
minority isolation
10Qualification
- There are VERY FEW studies of social life and
attitudes in Canadian minority enclaves - Ironically, for all the attention to this issue,
we know little - This study broad statistical overview of
enclaves in MTV - But it cannot answer many critical questions
need more research
112. Questions motivating this study
- How has the residential geography of Visible
Minority groups changed between 1996 and 2006? - Are enclaves becoming more prevalent in MTV?
- What is the socio-economic profile of Visible
Minority enclaves? - Who lives in them? Who does not? Are there
systematic differences between these
sub-populations? - Are enclaves ethnoculturally homogeneous?
- What is the relationship between enclaves and
poverty? - Where are the areas of concern, where we find
overlapping social isolation and socio-economic
marginalization? - What is the demographic profile of these areas of
concern?
123. Methodology
- Defining enclaves Neighbourhood typology
- Census data
13Defining enclaves
- There is no perfect measure
- Definitions of enclaves vary
- Traditional urban geography maps and indices of
segregation between groups - Emerging international comparative method using
neighbourhood typology
14Neighbourhood types (after Poulson et al 2001)
- I. White areas (citadels) or Isolated host
communities at least 80 White - II. White dominant areas between 50-80 White
- III. Mixed, Visible-Minority dominant areas
50-70 Visible Minority - IV. Mixed minority enclaves at least 70
Visible minority but no dominant group - V. Minority group enclaves as above but with
one group gt2x any other group - VI. Ghettoes when 60 of a group are in Type
V areas (does not occur in Canada)
15Utility of the typology approach
- Conceptually simple
- Easy to calculate (based on Census Tract units of
measurement) - Possibility of international comparison
- The types are probably meaningful in lived
experience, though this needs investigation to
verify
16Based on the types, what do we ask?
- Change over time (census-gtcensus)
- Distribution of different groups
- Association between neighbourhood types and other
variables, especially poverty - Another study generational dynamics
174. Results of the analysis
- Question 1 Are more people living in enclaves in
MTV? - No and yes
18Residential change in Montreal
19Residential change in Toronto
20Residential change in Vancouver
21How does this compare?
- 2000 USA The typical African-American person
(12 of population) lives in a census tract that
is 51 Black, 33 White, 16 Other (more than 4x
over-representation) - 2001 Vancouver The typical Chinese-Canadian
person (17 of population) lives in a census
tract that is 46 White, 34 Chinese, 20 other
(2x over-representation)
22Results
- Question 2 Who lives in / outside enclaves?
23Table 3a Characteristics of residents, by neighbourhood type, Montréal, 2006 Table 3a Characteristics of residents, by neighbourhood type, Montréal, 2006 Table 3a Characteristics of residents, by neighbourhood type, Montréal, 2006 Table 3a Characteristics of residents, by neighbourhood type, Montréal, 2006 Table 3a Characteristics of residents, by neighbourhood type, Montréal, 2006 Table 3a Characteristics of residents, by neighbourhood type, Montréal, 2006 Table 3a Characteristics of residents, by neighbourhood type, Montréal, 2006
Neighbourhood types Neighbourhood types Neighbourhood types Neighbourhood types Neighbourhood types
I II III IV V Total
Population, 2006 - 100 data 2,484,293 963,553 150,281 23,535 6,639 3,628,301
68.5 26.6 4.1 0.6 0.2 100.0
Owned () 60.4 41.6 23.2 10.0 13.1 53.5
Median household income () 58,373 44,686 32,356 26,704 30,702 53,405
Non-official home languages () 5.9 22.4 42.3 46.2 42.4 12.1
Immigrants 2001 to 2006 2.4 7.9 15.2 22.5 15.1 4.5
Visible minority population 7.9 29.3 56.9 78.0 70.3 16.2
University degree 25.4 29.6 26.0 29.1 32.4 26.6
Unemployment rate 5.7 9.2 14.4 16.8 15.6 7.1
Government transfers ( income) 11.1 15.4 24.4 29.4 29.3 13.0
Prevalence of low income () 18.6 30.4 45.2 58.8 61.8 23.2
24Table 3b Characteristics of residents, by neighbourhood type, Toronto, 2006 Table 3b Characteristics of residents, by neighbourhood type, Toronto, 2006 Table 3b Characteristics of residents, by neighbourhood type, Toronto, 2006 Table 3b Characteristics of residents, by neighbourhood type, Toronto, 2006 Table 3b Characteristics of residents, by neighbourhood type, Toronto, 2006 Table 3b Characteristics of residents, by neighbourhood type, Toronto, 2006 Table 3b Characteristics of residents, by neighbourhood type, Toronto, 2006
Neighbourhood types Neighbourhood types Neighbourhood types Neighbourhood types Neighbourhood types
I II III IV V Total
Population, 2006 - 100 data 1,231,778 1,853,519 1,003,231 306,054 710,907 5,105,489
24.1 36.3 19.7 6.0 13.9 100.0
Owned () 74.6 65.7 64.5 57.0 69.0 67.6
Median household income () 83,633 69,399 63,333 56,514 61,119 69,716
Non-official home languages () 9.5 23.6 33.7 40.8 48.3 26.7
Immigrants 2001 to 2006 2.7 7.6 11.7 14.8 15.4 8.7
Visible minority population 10.5 33.7 59.4 78.7 81.5 42.5
University degree 33.2 33.1 31.2 28.7 32.2 32.3
Unemployment rate 5.0 6.4 7.7 9.1 8.5 6.8
Government transfers ( income) 6.0 8.7 10.9 13.5 11.9 9.2
Prevalence of low income () 9.9 17.8 23.2 29.7 26.4 18.9
25Table 3c Characteristics of residents, by neighbourhood type, Vancouver, 2006 Table 3c Characteristics of residents, by neighbourhood type, Vancouver, 2006 Table 3c Characteristics of residents, by neighbourhood type, Vancouver, 2006 Table 3c Characteristics of residents, by neighbourhood type, Vancouver, 2006 Table 3c Characteristics of residents, by neighbourhood type, Vancouver, 2006 Table 3c Characteristics of residents, by neighbourhood type, Vancouver, 2006 Table 3c Characteristics of residents, by neighbourhood type, Vancouver, 2006
Neighbourhood types Neighbourhood types Neighbourhood types Neighbourhood types Neighbourhood types
I II III IV V Total
Population, 2006 - 100 data 491,140 759,988 551,292 28,596 285,560 2,116,576
23.2 35.9 26.1 1.3 13.5 100.0
Owned () 75.0 59.3 64.6 63.9 65.2 65.2
Median household income () 67,410 57,302 53,636 51,871 49,196 57,526
Non-official home languages () 6.7 19.3 36.9 50.6 52.6 25.9
Immigrants 2001 to 2006 2.6 6.4 9.7 10.4 11.7 7.2
Visible minority population 12.3 32.7 58.2 82.0 78.0 41.3
University degree 27.4 34.4 30.7 25.7 28.7 30.9
Unemployment rate 4.2 5.5 6.4 6.6 6.7 5.6
Government transfers ( income) 7.3 7.7 10.2 14.2 12.5 9.0
Prevalence of low income () 9.8 17.2 19.4 19.0 22.3 16.8
26Results
- Generalizations
- Montreal few live in enclaves but they are part
of the landscape of deep deprivation - Irony penalty is highest in the city with the
least enclave development - Toronto and Vancouver culture gap is large but
socio-economic gap is less significant - Less penalty for residents of these areas
- Interesting point in general residents of
single-group-dominant areas (Type V) are better
off than those in multiple-group enclaves
27What about members of VM groups inside vs.
outside enclaves?
- Are there systematic differences?
- Yes, but in several important aspects they are
not large
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29Results
- Question 3 How ethno-culturally diverse are
enclaves? - Expectation much less diverse than mixed areas
- Method count number of groups across areas
30Table 5 Average number of ethnic origin groups in each neighbourhood Type, MTV, 2006 Table 5 Average number of ethnic origin groups in each neighbourhood Type, MTV, 2006 Table 5 Average number of ethnic origin groups in each neighbourhood Type, MTV, 2006 Table 5 Average number of ethnic origin groups in each neighbourhood Type, MTV, 2006 Table 5 Average number of ethnic origin groups in each neighbourhood Type, MTV, 2006 Table 5 Average number of ethnic origin groups in each neighbourhood Type, MTV, 2006 Table 5 Average number of ethnic origin groups in each neighbourhood Type, MTV, 2006
I II III IV V Total
Montréal 17.7 21.8 24.0 26.7 22.0 20.0
Toronto 23.6 25.8 26.7 28.4 23.7 25.3
Vancouver 24.8 27.0 24.3 18.5 17.4 24.1
Source Statistics Canada, 2006 census, Dissemination Area profiles Source Statistics Canada, 2006 census, Dissemination Area profiles Source Statistics Canada, 2006 census, Dissemination Area profiles Source Statistics Canada, 2006 census, Dissemination Area profiles Source Statistics Canada, 2006 census, Dissemination Area profiles Source Statistics Canada, 2006 census, Dissemination Area profiles Source Statistics Canada, 2006 census, Dissemination Area profiles
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32Results
- Question 4 What is the relationship between
enclaves and poverty? - Logic of a 2x2 table
- Enclave (Types IV and V) vs. areas of double avg.
LICO - If enclave poverty, then everyone should be in
the cells on the major diagonal
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37Areas of deepest poverty
- Vancouver Downtown Eastside not an immigrant
area - Montreal most of the neighbourhoods in deep
poverty are not immigrant / minority areas - Toronto deep poverty tends to be associated with
immigrants and / or minorities (but it is also
the CMA with the highest ratio of immigrants)
38Results
- Question 5 Who lives in economically
marginalized enclaves? - MTV age is not a significant variable
- In M and T, residents of these areas are likely
to be less educated than those outside them but
the relationship is reversed in Vancouver - Montreal South Asians
- Toronto Blacks and South Asians
- Vancouver Chinese
39Reflections (1)
- Growing number of newcomers / members of VM
groups - And this is, generally, an economically
disadvantaged population - But also a highly variegated one
- And with a high desire to purchase equity in the
housing market - This population generally gravitates to areas of
cheaper housing, either rental (especially social
housing) or for purchase - Residential landscapes areas of social housing,
condominiums, and single-detached suburban houses - As this happens, Visible Minorities move away
from White-dominated neighbourhoods
40Reflections (2)
- But generally NOT to areas of economic
deprivation - The trajectory is toward classic enclaves, not
ghettoes - Non-rigorous evidence also suggests that they are
NOT areas with anti-mainstream attitudes (in
contrast to the banlieu areas of Paris) this
needs further study - Also see high education levels of enclaves
- And there is actually an interesting mix of
ethnic dominance / diversity in these areas
41Reflections (3)
- But there are some areas that we should classify
as both enclaves and marginalized - 3.8 of VM population in Montreal, 5.4 in
Toronto, and 2.6 in Vancouver - These areas tend to be associated with negative
stereotypes - This is an important social policy issue
- That is, enclaves IN GENERAL are not a policy
issue, but marginalized enclaves are - Should the fix be geographical?
42Reflections (4)
- There are important differences across MTV
- In the scale of enclave development
- In the growth of enclave areas
- In the groups living in enclaves
- In the socio-economic nature of enclaves
- No single-policy solution