Life in the Industrial Age

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Life in the Industrial Age
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Changes in SocietyandCulture
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The Role of the Factory

• Division of Labor- factory owners divided
  manufacturing process
• between
  workers machines
• Result - more produced in shorter time
• - lowers cost of production increased
  profits
• Interchangeable Parts parts made by machines
  which were all alike
• Results - quicker production
• - easy to create by unskilled labor
• Mass Production producing large numbers of
  identical
• Results - owners can sell more and consumer buy
  cheaper
• D. Assembly Line all products
  brought together and
• 
  assembled at one location from
• 
  worker to worker
• Results Henry Fords production
  of the automobile
• E. Wage System paid based on
  amount produced,
• 
  cost to produce, comparable
  wages,
• of workers available, hrs worked

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Machines Change the Workforce

• Unskilled workers learned to operate machine in a
  few days
• Women and Children
• 1. could operate machines
• 2. did not expect high wages
• 3. did not have set work habit
• Outcome
• - Skilled worker unemployment
• - Rise of child labor taken advantage of

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Emigration

• Movement of people away from home country
• Why?
• - jobs (rapid industrialization in Europe/U.S.)
• - higher wages attracted workers
• - transportation allowed easy movement
• - fled from oppression discrimination

Leads to..
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Growth of Cities Suburbs

• Factory System causes growth of cities
• Outcome overcrowding, rise of crime, pollution,
  poverty
• Many leave city for residential areas outside
  city called Suburbs
• - less crowded/less noisy/bigger homes
• - transportation allows quick travel to and from

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Life in the City

• Early City Life
• No running water (No sewers till late 1800s)
• Garbage tossed in streets
• Factory smoke caused pollution bad smells
• Crowded and Unsafe

• 1870s City Life
• Iron pipes, flush toilets, running water
• public sewers, paved roads, street lights
• social services offered
• Police officers patrol streets (Bobbies)
• Refrigeration allows food availability all year

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Public Education

• Enlightenment ideas spur Public Education
• Industrialists want
• - people who could read write
• - engineers, scientists, skilled
  technicians

Outcome By 1870 most governments in Europe pass
laws requiring education for all children! (for
girls not until 1800s)

• Effect
• Lower class children only early years
• Upper class children upper grades college
• New job opportunities
• Newspapers/Political Cartoons important

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Leisure Cultural Activities
As cities grow ? Desire for entertainment grow

• Sports in the 1800s
• - Rugby (1750 first played)
• - Soccer (1848 first spectator sport)
• - Football (1880 adapted by Rugby)
• - Baseball (1845 first official game)

• Leisure Activities
• - Bicycling
• - Public Libraries
• - Art Museums
• - Public Parks
• - Music Concert Hall

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Advances in Technology andCommunication
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Michael Faraday

• English Scientist
• 1820s-1830s made key discoveries about
  electricity
• Developed first electric generator (transformed
  mechanical power into electrical power)

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Thomas Edison

• American Inventor
• 1879 developed light bulb that glowed for 2 days
• Developed a system for transmitting electricity
  from a central powerhouse

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Alexander Graham Bell

• American Inventor
• 1870s transmitted human voice over long distance
  by electrical circuit through wire
• 1876 patented the telephone

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Guglielmo Marconi

• Italian Inventor
• 1895 developed a way to send message through
  space without wire
• 1901 patented the wireless telegraph

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Henry Ford

• American Inventor
• 1908 produced first commercial automobile The
  Model T
• Used assembly line to mass produce automobile

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Wilber Orville Wright

• American Inventors/Aviators
• 1903 first to have a sustained controlled flight
  in an airplane
• Years later used internal combustion engine to
  propel airplanes

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Advances in ScienceandMedicine
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Charles Darwin

• British Naturalist
• 1859 developed the theory of evolution
• Published ideas in On the Origin of Species by
  Means of Natural Selection

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Gregor Mendel

• Austrian Monk
• 1850-1860 founded the study of Genetics

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Edward Jenner

• English Physician
• Mid-1700s investigated Smallpox
• 1796 developed Smallpox vaccine

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Louis Pasteur

• French Chemist
• 1860s discovered scientific principle at work to
  study germs with diseases, vaccines, antibodies
• 1860s discovered pasteurization process
  (heating liquids to kill bacteria)

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Joseph Lister

• English Surgeon
• Mid-1860s developed antisepsis (use of
  chemicals to kills disease-causing germs

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Alexander Fleming

• Scottish Biologist
• 1928 developed penicillin to fight bacterial
  infections

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Dmitry Mendeleyev

• Russian Chemist
• 1869 created classification of scientific
  elements called the periodic table

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Wilhelm Rontgen

• German Physicist
• 1895 discovered the X-ray (ray that could go
  through many substances including skin tissue)

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Pierre Marie Curie

• French Chemists
• 1898 invented the term radioactivity (elements
  break down release energy)
• Shared 1903 Nobel Prize Marie won in 1911

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Max Planck

• German Physicist
• 1900 developed the quantum theory (energy can
  only be released in definite packages/quanta)

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Albert Einstein

• German Scientist
• 1905 developed special theory of relativity (no
  particles move faster than the speed of light)
• 1905 developed Emc2 (mass can be transformed
  into energy energy into mass)

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Advances in Art, Music,andLiterature
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Romanticism

• Definition artistic movement which showed life
  as they thought
• it should be rather than as
  it was

• James Fenimore Cooper
• American Writer
• Wrote adventure stories
• about Indians the west called Last of
  the Mohicans

• Grimm Brothers
• German Writers
• Organized fairly tales
• into a collection

More Examples John Keats, Lord Byron, Sir
Walter Scott, Washington Irving
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Famous Romantic Era Musicians
Franz Schubert Austrian Symphony
Composer
Johannes Brahms Austrian Symphony
Composer
Giuseppe Verdi Italian Opera Composer
Frederic Chopin Polish Piano Composer
Felix Mendelssohn Austrian Symphony
Composer
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• Pyotr Ilich Tchaikovsky
• Russian composer
• Music built around stories
• Famous Works
• The Sleeping Beauty, 1812 Overture, Romeo
  Juliet

• Ludwig van Beethoven
• German Composer
• Music known for powerful passionate emotions
• Famous Works
• Ninth Symphony, Pastoral Symphony, Fidelio

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Photography

• Louis-Jaques-Mande Daguerre
• creates early photograph in 1839

George Eastman develops film in 1884
Leads to Realism movement
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Realism

• Definition literature art form that depicted
  everyday life
• and social settings

Gustave Flaubert French
author Wrote Madame Bovary
Leo Tolstoy Russian
author Wrote War and Peace
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Regionalism

• Definition form of realism that depicted
  everyday life
• in particular places

Mark Twain
American author Wrote Adventure of Huckleberry
Finn
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Naturalists

• Definition form of realism that depicted the
  ugly and unpleasant
• aspects of life in society

Emile Zola French
author leader of the movement exposed social
issues in society
Charles Dickens British
author wrote about the poor in London wrote
David Copperfield
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Impressionists
Definition form of realism in which painters
depicted vivid impressions
of people and places
Claude Monet French
painter leader of the movement exposed
ideas about nature
Pierre-Auguste Renior French
painter expressed beauty and
feminine sensuality
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Monets Waterlillies
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Reniors Feasting on Strawberries
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Post Impressionists
Definition form of realism in which painters
depicted vivid impressions
of people and places
Paul Cezanne French
painter leader of the movement stressed
form and shape
Vincent Van Gogh Dutch
painter emphasized color design
Auguste Rodin French
sculptor celebrated individual
character and physicality
Others Paul Gauguin, Henri Matisse, Edouard
Manet, Edgar Degas
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Cezannes The Forrest
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Van Goghs Starry Night
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Rodins The Thinker
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Paul Gaugins Tahiti
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Edgar Degass The Rehersal
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Henri Matisses Women with a Hat