Writing:

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An Introduction to EAP Academic Skills in
EnglishLesson 7

• Writing
• Sentence Mechanics

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Kinds of Sentence

• Simple sentence one independent clause
• The sun is shining today.
• Compound sentence two independent clauses
• The sun is shining today, and there are no
  clouds in the sky.
• Complex sentence one independent clause one
  (or more) dependent clauses.
• We are going to the beach because the sun is
  shining today.

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Compound sentences

• Compound sentences are sentences which are made
  of two independent clauses.
• There are two types
• 1) Sentences joined with linking words called
• Coordinators and / yet / so
• 2) Sentences joined with
• Conjunctive adverbs In addition, /However,
  /Therefore,

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Coordinators conjunctive adverbs
Addition Contrast Expected result Alternative possibility
and but so or
In addition, Furthermore, Moreover, Also, Besides In contrast, On the other hand, However, Nevertheless As a result, Therefore, Consequently Thus, Hence, Otherwise,
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Example of compound sentences

• Studying in English can be difficult and some
  students suffer from culture shock.
• Studying in English can be difficult. In
  addition, some students suffer from culture
  shock.
• Some students have problems with getting used to
  their new life, but others really like it.
• Some students find it difficult to adapt to their
  new life. In contrast, others adapt very easily.
• Some students really want to practice their
  English , so they join social clubs.
• Some students really want to improve their spoken
  English. Therefore, they join social clubs.
• Students have to learn how to use sources in
  their writing or they will fail their course.
• Students have to learn how to use sources in
  their writing. Otherwise, they will fail their
  course.

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Studying in English can be difficult and some
students suffer from culture shock.Studying in
English can be difficult. In addition, some
students suffer from culture shock.Studying in
English can be difficult in addition, some
students suffer from culture shock.Some
students have problems with getting used to their
new life but, others adapt very easily.Some
students find it difficult to adapt to their new
life. However, others adapt very easily.Some
students find it difficult to adapt to their new
life however, others adapt very easily.Some
students really want to practice their English ,
so they join social clubs.Some students really
want to improve their spoken English. Therefore,
they join social clubs.Some students really want
to improve their spoken English therefore, they
join social clubs.Students have to learn how to
use sources in their writing or they will fail
their course.Students have to learn how to use
sources in their writing. Otherwise, they will
fail their course.Students have to learn how to
use sources in their writing otherwise, they
will fail their course.

• ,

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Compound sentences practice

• Combine the following sentences using
  and/so/but/or
• Burning fossil fuels causes serious damage to
  our planet. We need to develop other sources of
  energy.
• Solar heating systems are economical to
  operate. The cost of installation is very high.
• We use cars every day. We burn fossil fuels to
  heat our houses.
• All the nations of the world must take action.
  Our children and grandchildren will suffer the
  consequence.

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Compound sentences practice

• Now combine the same sentences using a therefore,
  otherwise, in addition and however.

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Use what you have learned about compound
sentences to improve the following mini-essay

• 1. A robot is a mechanical device that can
  perform boring, dangerous and difficult tasks.
• 2. First of all, robots can perform
  repetitive tasks without becoming bored. 3. They
  are used in automobile factories to weld and
  paint. 4. Robots can also function in hostile
  environments. 5. They are useful for exploring
  the ocean bottoms as well as deep outer space.

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Possible improvement

• 1. A robot is a mechanical device that can
  perform boring, dangerous and difficult tasks.
• 2. First of all, robots can perform
  repetitive tasks without becoming bored
  therefore, they are used in automobile factories
  to weld and paint. 4. Robots can also function in
  hostile environments as a result, they are
  useful for exploring the ocean bottoms as well as
  deep outer space.

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Part 2

• 6. Finally, robots can perform tasks requiring
  pinpoint accuracy. 7. In the operating room,
  robotic equipment can assist the surgeon. 8. For
  instance, a robot can kill a brain a tumour. 9.
  It can operate on a foetus with great precision.
• 6. Finally, robots can perform tasks requiring
  pinpoint accuracy. 7. In the operating room,
  robotic equipment can assist the surgeon. 8. For
  instance, a robot can kill a brain a tumour
  furthermore, it can operate on a foetus with
  great precision.

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Part 3

• 10.The field of artificial intelligence is giving
  robots a limited ability to think and to make
  decisions. 11. Robots cannot think conceptually.
  12. Robots cannot function independently. 13.
  Humans have to program them. 14. They are
  useless. 15. Therefore, humans should not worry
  that robots will take over the world, at least
  not yet.

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Possible improvement

• 10. However, the field of artificial intelligence
  is giving robots a limited ability to think and
  to make decisions. 11. Robots cannot think
  conceptually moreover, they cannot function
  independently. 13. Humans have to program them
  otherwise, they are useless. 15. Therefore,
  humans should not worry that robots will take
  over the world, at least not yet.

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Complex sentences

• Complex sentences are sentences that are made of
  two types of clauses
• 1) One or more dependent clauses
• 2) Independent clause
• A complex sentence always has a subordinator such
  as because, since, after, although, before
  or when or a relative pronoun such as that,
  who, or which. 

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Subordinators

• Showing Opposition or Unexpected Results
• although / even though / though
• Although I felt he was wrong, I decided to
  trust him.Sharon started looking for a new job
  even though she was currently employed.Though I
  couldn't understand a word, we had a great time!

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Subordinators

• Showing Cause and Effect
• because / since / as
• Since you need some help, I'll come over this
  afternoon.Henry felt he needed to take some time
  off because he had been working so hard.The
  parents paid for extra lessons as the children
  were very gifted.

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Subordinators

• Expressing Time
• when / as soon as / before / after / by
• By the time you get this letter, I will have
  left for New York.I used to play a lot of tennis
  when I was a teenager.We had a wonderful dinner
  after she had arrived.

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Subordinators

• Expressing Conditions
• if / unless / in the case that
• If I were you, I would take my time with that
  project.They won't come next week unless you ask
  them to do so.In the case that he isn't
  available, we'll look for another consultant.

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Use subordinating conjunctions (though, if, when,
because, etc.) to connect the sentences into one
complex sentence.

• Henry needs to learn English. I will teach him.
• It was raining outside. We went for a walk.
• Jenny needs to ask me. I will buy it for her.
• Yvonne played golf extremely well. She was very
  young.
• Franklin wants to get a new job. He is preparing
  for job interviews.
• I'm writing a letter, and I'm leaving. You will
  find it tomorrow.
• Marvin thinks he will buy the house. He just
  wants to know what his wife thinks.
• Cindy and David had breakfast. They left for
  work.

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Use subordinating conjunctions (though, if, when,
because, etc.) to connect the sentences into one
complex sentence.

• I really enjoyed the concert. The music was too
  loud.
• Alexander has been working sixty hours a week.
  There is an important presentation next week.
• I usually work out at the gym early in the
  morning. I leave for work at eight a.m.
• The car was extremely expensive. Bob didn't have
  much money. He bought the car.
• Dean sometimes goes to the cinema. He enjoys
  going with his friend Doug. Doug visits once a
  month.
• I prefer to watch TV by streaming over the
  internet. It allows me to watch what I want when
  I want.