Environmetal problems related to manure management Greenhouse gas emission from manure stores

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Environmetal problems related to manure
managementGreenhouse gas emission from manure
stores
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Global growth in livestock production Increase
focus on animal manure production and protection
of environment Growth in cattle production per
capita, FAO stat
Trends in agricultural production
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Livestock barns From farm to industry
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Livestock production - A sources of pollution

• Ammonia
• Greenhouse gases
• Odour

Animal house

• Ammonia
• Greenhouse gases
• Odour

Stored solid manure
Stored liquid manure
Spreading in field
Uptake in crop
Erosion Phosphorous
Nitrate leaching
Euthrophication
Micro-nutrients, heavy metals (Cu, Zn)
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Agriculture is a major sources of plant nutrients
to the ocean
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Environmental issues related to agricultural
production groundwater pollution

• Agriculture is the only source to Nitrate in
  groundwater
• Groundwater is used as drinking water in DK.
• Nitrate enrichment is considered a health
  problem, concentration should be lower than 50 mg
  NO3 L-1

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Nitrogen and phosphorous loss to lakes and rivers
Enhanced plant growth causes Colouring of the
water reducing depth affected by sun rays Reduces
oxygen content
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Ocean oxygen depletion

• N and P increase plant and algae growth in the
  ocean
• Increased amounts of decaying organic plant
  material depletes oxygen content
• In consequence fish are dying
• This is a problem in warm years with little wind

Duce et al. Science 2008
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Nitrogen deposition to oceansHot spots
Duce et al. Science 2008
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Ammonia emission from Danish agriculture

• Ammonia in the atmosphere originates from
  Agriculture
• The total ammonia emission is ca. 70 000 ton or
  25 kg N per ha (76 originates from animal
  production)

• Ammonia and sulphate or nitrate in the atmosphere
  forms particulates that is a risk to health
• When deposited ammonia may change ecosystem that
  is susceptible to eutrophication

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Losses of N in relation to N application to fields
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Odour
Odour Reduce value of houses in neighbohood of
livestock farm Nuisance of odour is related
to Number of animals Distance
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Greenhouse gas emissionMethane and nitrous
oxide
Contribution to net global warming
(Anthropogenic) Methane accounts for 30 Nitrous
oxide accounts for 10 (IPCC, 2007)
Livestock contributes 37 of global CH4
emission 65 of global N2O emission (FAO 2006,
Livestock long shadow)
Effect of methane and nitrous oxide 1 kg CH4
equals effect of 23 kg CO2 1 kg N2O equals
effect of 296 kg CO2 (IPCC 2007)
IPCC 2006
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Greenhouse Gas emission from animal manure

• Content
• Manure management and GHG mitigation
• Driving variables and interaction with climate
• Mitigation technologies
• Models for assessing effect of management and
  technologies
• Conclusion

• Manure is the source of the gases
• Methane CH4
• Nitrous oxide N2O
• Global warming potential
• Methane 23
• Nitrous oxide 296

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Livestock or manure
Montegny et al. 2006
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Methane emissionEffect of source i.e. solid or
liquid manure
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Nitrous oxide emission from animal manure, low
oxygen partial pressure
Surface of soil, surface of manure stored -
Mosaic of aerobic and anaerobic areas
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Solid manure store nitrous oxide(Hansen MN et
al. 2005)
Un-covered heap
Covered heap
10 cm below surface
Centre
Uncovered
Covered
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Nitrous oxide
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Farming systems with and without Anaerobic
Digestion producing biogas
Inlet
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Reduce methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O)
emission, biogas digestion
Biogas energy
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The model include effect of organic matter VS,
temperature and storage time
VSD is the fraction of manure that is
digestible Methane emission is related
VSD Methane emisison is related to Temp Methane
emission is related to storage time Methane
emission is related to inoculum
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GHG emission - effect of anaerobic digestion of
animal slurry in a biogas plan
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You may use the IPCC algorithm

•  T animal category, S system and k climate region
• F(T) annual CH4 emission for a livestock
  category T, kg CH4 LU-1 yr-1
• VS(T) daily volatile solid excreted for
  livestock category T, kg dry matter LU -1 day-1
• 365 basis for calculating annual VS production,
  days yr-1
• BMP(T) ultimate methane production for manure
  from a given livestock category T, m3 CH4 Kg-1 of
  VST. In your calculations the ultimate methane
  production rate given in this compendium should
  be used (Table 3).
• 0.67 conversion factor of m3 CH4 to kilograms
  CH4
• MCF(S,k) methane conversion factors for each
  manure management system S by climate region k,

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Exampel of use of IPCC equation, fattening pig
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In your calculations the following model can be
used
F(T) Annual CH4 emission for a livestock category T Kg CH4 animal-1 yr-1
VS(T) Annual volatile solid excreted for livestock category T Kg VS animal-1 yr-1
BMP(T) Biochemical methane production for manure from the livestock category T m3CH4 kg(VS)-1 0.350
MCF(S,k) Methane conversion factors for each manure management system (S) and climate (k) 35
There will be on cow or buffalo and about three
fattening pigs per unit animal-1 yr-1
In the IPPC system is used a livestock unit (LU),
which in Europe is about 33 pigs produced per
year, on dairy cow or several hundreds chicken