Phonetics

1
Phonetics

• Overview/review
• Transcription
• Describing Consonants

2
Overview

• Referring to sounds, NOT LETTERS
• How do describe a sound?
• Produce it
• 3-way description
• The sound indicated by the symbol p

3
International Phonetic Alphabet

• One-to-one relationship between symbol and sound
• Universal
• Based on roman alphabet, but they are not letters

4
Transcription Practice

• Transcribe
• Your name
• Linguistics, hiccup, teeth, teethe, delay,
  should, sign, sane, phonetics, yellow

5
Describing Consonants

• We use three parameters to describe consonants
• Voicing
• Place of articulation
• Manner of articulation
• The IPA chart shows all three parameters for each
  phone

6
Voicing

• The state of the vocal folds (VF) determines
  whether a sound is voiced or voiceless
• When VF are open air can pass through it freely,
  without any vibration
• When VF are drawn close together air passes
  through it with w/ difficulty, creating vibration
• Compare s vs z f vs v k vs g

7
Place of Articulation

• Refers to WHERE in the vocal tract a constriction
  is made (generally with some part of the tongue)

8
Vocal Tract
9
Places of Articulation (See p. 39-40 in CP)

• Bilabial p, b, m, w
• Closure of both lips
• Labiodental f, v
• Lower lip touches upper teeth
• (Inter)Dental T, D
• Tongue protrudes through teeth
• Alveolar t, d, s, z, n, l, r
• Tongue touches alveolar ridge

10
Places of Articulation, Continued

• Palatal s, Z, c, d?, y
• Top of tongue approximates/touches the
  middle/hard palate
• Velar k, g, ?
• Back of tongue touches the soft palate/velum
• Glottal h, ?
• Opening or closing of the glottis (the space
  between the vocal folds)

11
Manner of Articulation

• Refers to HOW this constriction is made

12
Manners of Articulation

• Stop p, b, t, d, k, g, ? n, m, N
• airflow through mouth is completely impeded
• Fricative f, v, s, z, d, t, s, z, h
• narrow constriction produces turbulence
• Affricate c, dZ
• a stop followed by a fricative

13
Manners of Articulation, contd

• Nasal m, n, N
• air flows through the nose velum is lowered
• Approximants l, r (liquids) w, j (glides)
• wide constriction that does not produce
  turbulence
• FLAP the voiced alveolar flap R is also an
  English sound (prevalent in US English).

14
Drills

• Voicing
• VD or VL
• Place
• BL, LD, ID, A, P, V, G
• Manner
• S, F, AF, N, AP