Water, electrolyte, and acid-base balance

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Water, electrolyte, and acid-base balance
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Distribution of body fluid

• Most fluid is inside the cells
• Interstitial- spaces
• Blood plasma
• Lymph
• transcellular fluid
• What is fluid?
• Water and solutes
• Fluid moves between compartments

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What is in the body fluid?
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How does fluid move around?

• Hydrostatic pressure pushes fluid from plasma
  outward
• Colloid osmotic pressure brings it back to the
  plasma

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Water balance intakeoutput
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Electrolyte balance

• What are they
• Intake (dietary)
• Output
• Normal body excretion
• Hormones
• Aldosterone
• Parathyroid hormone
• Active transport in kidneys

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Acid-base balance
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Buffers help prevent acid-base imbalance

• Chemical buffer systems are present in blood
• Physiological systems act more slowly

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What can cause acid-base imbalance?
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What are the symptoms of acid-base imbalance?

• Acidosis
• CNS shuts down
• Breathing, circulation affected
• Alkalosis
• Dizziness
• Agitation
• Tingling sensations
• Imbalances in other electrolytes can also cause
  disease
• Sodium imbalance affects CNS potassium, muscles

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Summary

• Water and electrolyte balances are critical for
  homeostasis
• Kidneys are especially important for correcting
  imbalances (the site of activity of many
  hormones)
• Physical, chemical and endocrine mechanisms are
  all required

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Review question 1

• In the body, most of the water is located in the
• A. blood
• B. lymphatic vessels
• C. cells
• D. in the spaces between the cells
• E. It is evenly distributed throughout the body

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Review question 2

• On average, most water is lost from the body
  through
• A. Sweating
• B. Urine
• C. As a component of feces
• D. Breathing water vapor
• E. Tears

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Review question 3

• Which of these digestive organs does not absorb
  water?
• A. Stomach
• B. Small intestine
• C. Large intestine
• D. Esophagus
• E. They all absorb water

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Review question 4

• Which of these is not an electrolyte?
• A. Sodium
• B. Glucose
• C. Chloride
• D. Bicarbonate
• E. Potassium

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Review question 5

• Which hormone regulates sodium levels?
• A. ADH
• B. Epinephrine
• C. Aldosterone
• D. Cortisol
• E. Insulin

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Review question 6

• Which of these conditions does not contribute to
  edema?
• A. Liver failure
• B. Heart failure
• C. Kidney failure
• D. Inflammation
• E. All of these conditions can contribute to
  edema

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Review question 7

• Which is a response to increased CO2 levels in
  the blood?
• A. The breathing rate decreases
• B. Bicarbonate ion is excreted
• C. The blood pH rises
• D. Hydrogen ion concentration increases in the
  blood
• E. Sodium levels increase in the blood

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Review question 8

• Which of the following does not contribute to
  blood alkalosis?
• A. Vomiting
• B. A reduced breathing rate
• C. High altitude
• D. Buffers
• E. Hyperventilation

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Review question 9

• Which electrolyte is regulated by the
  parathyroid?
• A. Sodium
• B. Hydrogen
• C. Potassium
• D. Calcium
• E. Bicarbonate

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Review question 10

• Which of the following hormones does not affect
  body fluid levels in some way?
• A. Aldosterone
• B. ADH
• C. ANP
• D. Parathyroid hormone
• E. They all affect body fluid levels