Special Problems

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Special Problems
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Terrorism
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What is terrorism?

• Using force to intimidate or coerce society
  toadvance a social or political agenda
• Creating change through violence
• Destabilize society make authorities
  seemineffective
• Break a far more powerful enemys will byfear,
  psychological exhaustion and attrition
• Example Soviet experience in Afghanistan
• A way for powerless groups to multiply their
  force
• Methods
• Individual terror assassinations and
  kidnappings
• Mass terror Bombings in public places
• Guerrilla warfare

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What propelsterrorism?

• Political elite in tight control
• Large group that...
• Is socially economically deprived
• Has little opportunity to influence policy
• Opposition develops
• Revolutionary vanguard with a dynamic
  leadership
• Explanatory ideology, with justifications for
  violence
• Recruitment of the dissatisfied, disenchanted and
  disenfranchised
• Governments can lay the seeds of their own
  destruction
• Corruption
• Over-response failure to respond
• Missteps can diminish support from public, police
  and military

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Historical examples

• Russian Revolutionary terrorism
• Italian left-wing terrorism (Red Brigades)
• German left-wing terrorism(Baader-Meinhof)
• Cuban revolution
• Argentine Montoneros
• Peruvian Shining Path
• Northern Ireland (IRA v. the Loyalists)
• Present places of concern
• Ukraine Georgia
• Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Jordan, Palestine
• Pakistan Afghanistan
• And on and on...

On November 10, 2005 Amman was rocked by a series
of bomb attacks. A suicide bomber set off a car
bomb at the Days Inn, another detonated a belt
bomb inside the Grand Hyatt, and a
husband-and-wife pair wore belt bombs into the
Radisson SAS. His went off, hers didnt.
Fifty-seven people were killed, mostly
Jordanians, including many attending a wedding
party at the Radisson.
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International terrorAmerica as a target
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1993 World TradeCenter bombing

• Al Qaeda plot to destroy the North Tower
• Plot led by Ramzi Yousef, financedby Khalid
  Sheikh Mohammed, who later planned the 2001
  attack
• Yousef came into the U.S. with an Iraqi passport
  and applied for asylum. An associate traveling
  separately on a forged Swedish passport was
  caught with a bomb-making manual and arrested.
• Yousef was helped to acquire the explosives and
  make the bomb by extremist members of a New York
  City mosque
• Ryder van contained a 1,300 pound urea/nitrate
  bomb, enhanced with oxygen cylinders. It caused
  major damage, killing six and injuring more than
  1,000
• Technicians traced a hidden VIN on a van part to
  its renter. That eventually led to the arrests
  of four who helped Yousef. Each was convicted
  and given life. Yousef got away but was arrested
  in Pakistan in 1995. He was returned to the
  U.S., tried and got life without parole. Khalid
  Mohammed was arrested in Pakistan in 2003. He
  and other are pending trial for a range of
  terrorist acts, including the 2001 attacks.

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2001 Attacks

• Nineteen Islamic terrorists hijacked
  fourairliners in the Eastern U.S. They flew
  twointo the WTC twin towers, killing
  2,600.Another was crashed into the Pentagon,
  killing more than 100. The fourth, supposedly
  intended for the Capitol, crashed in rural
  Pennsylvania after its passengers revolted. All
  onboard were killed.
• All the attackers entered the U.S. legally on
  visitor and student visas, some passing through
  Bangkok, others through Hamburg. One was already
  a commercial pilot. Several took flight training
  in Arizona and Florida. Although unaware of the
  plot, a Phoenix FBI agent had alerted FBI HQ
  about suspicious persons of Middle Eastern
  descent taking flight training lessons.
• Many tips were received during the preceding
  months that Al Qaeda was plotting to mount an
  attack using commercial airliners. The 9/11
  Commission Report severely criticized the FBI and
  CIA for failing to follow up on this and other
  information.

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An uneven response

• Created Department of Homeland Security
• Consolidated agencies, created databases to vet
  travelers and visa applicants
• FBI, CIA and NSA had too much political power and
  were left out
• Tightened issuance of visas to nationals from
  certain countries
• Loosened guidelines for initiating foreign
  intelligence cases
• Removed firewall between intelligence and
  criminal investigation
• Patriot Act - amended Federal law
• Loosened restrictions on gathering electronic
  surveillance and conducting searches when
  foreigners are involved
• Expanded the right to detain foreign nationals
• Expanded authority to examine financial
  transactions
• One-third of FBI now dedicated to
  counter-terrorism
• Established major intelligence center to analyze
  intelligence
• BUT -- is intelligence analysis the solution?
  Police Issues

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Lingering issues

• FBI torn between criminal investigative and
  intelligence roles
• How to demonstrate prowess and advance withinthe
  organization without making cases?
• Rope a dope cases to respond to public
  pressures and demonstrate productivity
• Sears Tower/Liberty City Six Police Issues
• Fort Dix Six Police Issues
• An exception? The Najibullah Zazi case Police
  Issues
• Shift of agents to intelligence impacted other
  investigations, especially financial crime
• Expanded legal powers can lead to abuses
• Making torture acceptable the waterboarding
  debacle Police Issues
• Straining relations with Muslim communities

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Domestic terror and hate movements
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White supremacists

• Common principles
• Ethnic/religious supremacy white, Christian,
  Anglo-Saxon origin
• Oppose immigration
• Guns and violence
• Ku Klux Klan
• Aryan Nations(prison Aryan Brotherhood)
• Identity Movement
• The Order
• National Alliance (neo-Nazi)
• Examples from Police Issues
• 1999 Buford Furrow
• 2009 Holocaust Museum

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Militias and survivalists

• Precepts
• Paramilitary and survivalist orientations
• Reject government authority
• Claim government conspiracies to enslave free
  people
• Claim rights to use violence for self-defense
• Anti-tax and anti-regulation
• Oppose gun control
• Oppose immigration
• Militia groups in nearly every state
• Notorious examples
• Militia of Montana
• Hutaree militia Police Issues

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Oklahoma Citybombing

• On the morning of April 19, 1995, Timothy McVeigh
  parked a rented truck full of explosives in front
  of the Federal Building. At 902am a massive
  explosion killed 168.
• Two hours later McVeigh was stopped by a OK
  Highway Patrol officer for no rear license plate.
  The officer noticed a bulge in McVeighs jacket
  and arrested him for carrying a loaded .45.
• McVeigh, an Army veteran, was a Nazi sympathizer,
  survivalist and unlicensed gun dealer. Angry at
  Waco and gun laws, he allied himself with Terry
  Nichols, acquired the explosives and carried out
  the attack -- by himself.

The Timothy McVeigh Story
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Apocalyptic movements

• Groups clustered around an infallible prophet
• Apocalyptic, end-game visions
• Highly authoritarian
• Obsessive control over membership, including
  mating and pairing
• Relentless discipline, including beatings
• Leaders engage in sexual and psychological abuse
• Similarities with supremacists and survivalists
• Hatred of Federal government
• Guns and violence
• Examples
• Jim Jones Peoples Temple -- Jonestown
  massacre
• The Manson Family - Charles Manson
• Covenant, Sworn and Arm of the Lord (CSA)
• Branch Davidians and David Koresh (Waco)

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Dissent and disorder
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Rosa ParksA civil rights pioneer
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Causes of dissent

• Vietnam war
• U.S. presence 1956 1973(heaviest fighting
  1964-1971)
• More than 50,000U.S. soldiers killed
• Persistent racial and ethnic bias
• Economic problems
• Recession, inflation and highunemployment in the
  1970s
• Poverty
• Inequality

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The 1960s 1970sAn era of violent protest

• Students for aDemocratic Society
• Weathermen
• Symbionese Liberation Army
• Black Panther Party
• Black Liberation Army
• American Indian Movement

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Police use of forcehas provoked riots

• 1965 Watts riot
• 1967 Detroit Riot
• 1967 Newark Riot
• 1992 Rodney King Riot
• 2009 Oakland Riots

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Watts Riot --August 11-16, 1965

• CHP officers made a DUIarrest in
  South-CentralLos Angeles
• A disorderly crowd gathered. They were egged on
  by the suspects mother and family members. CHP
  officers arrived and dragged them away. Rock and
  bottle-throwing began, then things quickly
  escalated.
• More than 30 died, more than 1,000 injured,
  hundreds arrested. Widespread looting and
  fire-setting leveled a large chunk of the Watts
  commercial district. The area never fully
  recovered.

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1992 Rodney King Riot

• Rodney King, drunk and high on drugs, was
  speeding. After a high-speed pursuit he finally
  stopped.
• He ignored orders and was nearly shot by a
  nervous CHP officer. An LAPD sergeant and three
  officers took over.
• They beat King with their batons to get him to
  comply. All were fired.
• Their acquittal of assault charges in State
  court sparked rioting and looting in
  South-Central Los Angeles. In the next seven
  days 55 persons died, 2,000 were injured and
  12,000 were arrested.
• Two of the officers were later convicted of
  Federal civil rights violations and served prison
  terms.

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Paris riots --October 2005

• Rioting began in the Parissuburb of
  Clichy-sous-Bois,where two youths of
  Africandescent being chased on foot bypolice
  were electrocuted in apower station.
• Things got worse when a police tear-gas
  canister was thrown into a Mosque and
  then-Interior Minister Nicolas Sarkozy (now the
  President of France) made comments disparaging
  youths.
• Soon the unrest spread to other cities, with
  many structures and hundreds of vehicles burned
• Although the worst of the rioting was over in a
  week, a state of emergency wasnt lifted until
  January 2006

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Paris riots --March 2006

• To stimulate the economy thegovernment
  proposedamending labor laws to allowemployers
  to fire youngworkers without the need togive a
  reason during their first two years of employment
• Youths were joined in protests by the powerful
  French labor unions who felt that the policy
  would undermine the strong protections that
  everyone has enjoyed
• The government said the plan would actually make
  it easier for young persons to get a job

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Athens riots,December 2008

• The shooting death of a teen byAthens police
  in early December2008 propelled a week of
  rioting, injuring scores, burning stores and
  laying waste to large areas of the city center.
• The uprising was joined by citizens upset with
  poor economic conditions and Government
  corruption.
• The two officers involved in the shooting,
  which took place during a routine confrontation
  between police and student anarchists, were
  arrested one for the killing, the other as an
  accomplice.
• A defense lawyer claims that the fatal bullet
  was a ricochet from a warning shot.

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BART police officer shoots,kills unarmed man at
Oaklandtransit station
On January 1, 2009 BART officerJohannes
Mehserle, 27, shot and killed a22-year old man
who was being helddown by several officers
following abrawl on a BART train. The shooting,
which was captured by a bystander on a cellphone
camera, seemed essentially unprovoked. For
reasons that are unclear, Mehserle stood, drew
his gun and fired once into the victims back.
Mehserle
quickly resigned from the force.
On January 14,
2009 he was arrested in
Nevada on a murder
warrant. He waived
extradition and was
returned to
California.

The shooting
stirred strong emotions in Oakland
and led
to demonstrations and several nights of

disturbances. According to the Alameda County

D.A., murder charges were filed because the

killing was unlawful and done purposefully.
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Gangs
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Ethnic crime

• Bound through ethnicity and shared values BUT
  withhighly materialistic goals
• Fear of infiltration and ruthless enforcement
• Traditional profit centers narcotics,
  prostitution andgambling, extortion,
  racketeering, bribery
• Emerging profit centers alien smuggling,
  computer chip theft, international car theft,
  credit card fraud, health care fraud, insurance
  fraud, identity theft, money laundering
• La Cosa Nostra - Italian Mafia
• Russian Mafia
• Prison gangs
• Criminal street gangs
• Motorcycle gangs Hells Angels, Bandidos and
  Outlaws

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M.S. 13 MaraSalvatrucha

• Street gang, origins in El Salvador
• Estimated 50,000 members in U.S. and Central
  America
• Began in McArthur Park area of L.A., now in 33
  States and D.C.
• Loosely-structured federation
• Concerns about increasingcohesiveness and
  developmentof a traditional OC structure
• Armed and very violent
• Many originally trained as Salvadoran guerrillas
• Extortion of immigrants and small businesses
• Immigrant smuggling
• Carjacking, robbery, false documents, drug
  trafficking

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Outlaw motorcyclegangs

• Traditionally white and ride Harley-Davidsons
• Largest gangs in the West Coastinclude Hells
  Angels, Bandidos,Hessians, Mongols and Vagos
• Heavily involved in drug trafficking, especially
  the manufacture of methamphetamine
• Many clandestine labs in the Inland Empire region
  (San Bernardino Riverside counties)
• Try to rehabilitate their image with charity
  rides and toy drives

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Street gangresponses

• Response styles
• Concentrated enforcement Sweeps,
  stop-and-frisk campaigns, serve warrants, drug
  buys
• Mixed prevention enforcement efforts
  Ceasefire, civil injunctions
• Coordination L.A. gang czar
• Prevention GREAT
• Specialized gang units
• Why are they formed -- for objective reasons or
  public pressure?
• What do they do? What should they do?
  Enforcement? Investigation? Intelligence?
• Are they properly guided? Officers well trained?
  Held accountable?
• Are they providing added value? Are their
  accomplishments measured?
• Are they excessively decoupled from their
  agencies? What are the consequences?

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L.A. has a newgang czar

• Mayor Villaraigosa finally succeededin getting
  control of gang programsaway from the City
  Council
• Programs placed under a gang czarin the
  Mayors office
• He was supported by City ControllerLaura Chick,
  who said thatuncoordinated programs were
  wastingmoney
• After one year, the impact of the newsystem is
  an open question

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When the police go too far
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Constraints

• Crimes root causes are outside police control
• Liberty interests
• Narrow definition of criminal conduct
• Legal constraints on police
• Limits on wiretaps and surveillance
• Commercial interests
• Lax enforcement of environmental,
  commercial,immigration laws
• Practical limitations
• Time, money and manpower
• Too much information
• What information to collect? What to share? When
  to act?
• Police better equipped to react than anticipating
• Focus on past crimes, not prevention

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Does monitoring protestshave a chilling effect?

• According to the New York Timesundercover NYPD
  officers ofteninfiltrate protest marches and
  massbicycling events
• Police videotapes show UC officersand informers
  at seven major events between 8/04 and 12/05
• Officers carried protest signs, held flowers,
  rode bicycles and videotaped participants
• Police admit the surveillance. They say its
  purpose is to keep order and protect free
  speech
• Protestors say officers distort their message and
  purposely provoke trouble
• Bike ride sham arrest of UC officers led to the
  arrest of two protesters who came to the UCs
  defense.
• Poor Peoples March, 8/30/04 UC officer used to
  provoke disorder at end of march

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Fighting domestic terrorismCOINTELPRO

• Secret FBI program (1956-1971) to
  discreditgroups considered to be anti-Government
• Black Panthers
• Students for a Democratic Society
• Socialist Workers Party
• Native Americans
• Anti-war protesters
• NAACP and Dr. Martin Luther King
• Methods
• Infiltration by spies the agent provocateur
• Burglaries and illegal phone taps
• Fake letters and phony propaganda to create rifts
  between individuals and groups

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Phony letter to discredit Jean Seberg by alleging
that she was pregnant by a member of the Black
Panther Party
1976 Church Committee report, which condemned
COINTELPRO as a serious threat to civil
liberties, concluded that it was partly motivated
by a frustration with Supreme Court rulings
limiting the Government's power to proceed
overtly against dissident groups
http//www.icdc.com/paulwolf/cointelpro/doc218.gi
f
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Fighting domestic terrorismLAPD Public Disorder
Intelligence Division

• Formed during the Red scare following WW-II
• Spied on alleged Communists and sympathizers
• Expanded to include anti-war protestors and
  subversives
• Infiltrated undercover officers
• Extensive physical and electronic surveillance
• Created a huge records system
• Cooperated with COINTELPRO
• Targets included L.A.s Mayor, members of the
  City Council, the Governor and members of
  Congress, the National Organization for Women,
  the Beverly Hills Democratic Club, religious,
  civil rights and environmental groups
• In 1981 a lawsuit forced it to disband and open
  up its records
• PDID functions were taken over by the
  Anti-Terrorist Division, with much more
  restrictive guidelines for initiating
  investigations