EEE 41 Lec 1 EEE Department, UP Diliman

1
EEE 41Lecture 1

• Overview

Applications History How transistor
works Technology Metrics State of the Art Semicon
in RP Course organization Sample circuits
2
Applications

• Amplification
• Power control/conversion
• Switching
• Discrete logic
• Computers
• Signal generation (oscillators, etc.)
• Signal processing (demodulation, etc.)

3
Penryn Microprocessor

• Feature size 45nm
• (1 nm 10-9 meter width of human hair
  100,000 nm)
• Operating speed up to 3.2 GHz
• of transistors gt800M for quad-core

www.intel.com
4
Laser diodes

• Ex. Pulsed laser diode, 860 nm, 5W
• Used in CD/DVD players, fiber optic
  communications equipment, laser pointers,
  instrumentation

www.hamamatsu.com.uk
www.williams-adv.com
5
Toyota Prius Hybrid Car

• Does 22 km/liter of gasoline
• Ultralow emissions
• Power electronics convert/control energy from
  motors/battery/gas engine

www.toyota.com
6
Cell phones

• Microprocessor
• overall control
• DSP/ADC/DAC
• process audio and baseband signals
• ROM and flash memory
• programs and user info (directory,etc.)
• RF amplifiers
• Power management
• Liquid crystal display

http//www.chipworks.com/uploadedImages/Blog/Test_
Blog/Nokia.jpg
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History
www.bellsystemmemorial.com/belllabs_transistor.htm
l

• An excellent multimedia tour is
  at www.pbs.org/transistor/

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Vacuum tubes

• 1883 Edison effect - electrons travel through a
  vacuum to form current
• 1904 John Fleming invents Fleming valve -uses
  Edison effect to rectify AC current
• 1906 Lee De Forest invents Audion vacuum tube
  capable of amplification
• Short component life
• Warm-up time

www.electron-valve.com/history/history.html
www.cedmagic.com/history/deforest-audion.html
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Semiconductors

• Early 1900s galena (crystalline lead sulfide)
  used as radio detectors (rectifying AC current)
• Point contact rectifier had to probe crystal
  surface w/ catwhiskers to locate active surfaces.
• 1940 Russell Ohl discovers silicon p-n junction

www.sparkmuseum.com/DETECTOR.HTM
www.iumsc.indiana.edu/laboratory/galena.html
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Transistor

• 1947 Shockley, Bardeen, Brittain invent
  transistor at Bell Labs (won Nobel prize in 1956)
• Point contact transistor using germanium
• Today, silicon transistors more popular because
  of excellent chemical properties (easier to work
  with)

www.bellsystemmemorial.com/belllabs_transistor.htm
l
11
Integrated circuits

• 1958 Jack Kilby and Robert Noyce invent the
  integrated circuit -- squeezing several
  components on a single chip of silicon
• A simple oscillator IC with five integrated
  components
• Early technology difficult to scale
• 1959 invention of planar IC technology (still
  used today in VLSI)

www.icknowledge.com/history/First_IC.jpg
www.icknowledge.com/history/Noyce_IC.jpg
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VLSI

• Very Large Scale Integration

www.nobel.se/physics/educational/poster/2000/kilby
.html
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Transistor operation

• N-channel MOS FET (field effect
  transistor)construction

No gate voltage no channel between source and
drain
gate voltage attracts electrons and forms
channel
www.intel.com/education/transworks/flat7.htm
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Transistor operation...

• drain voltage pulls in electrons from source
  through channel

Removing gate voltage destroys the channel,
stopping electron flow
OFF
ON
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Problems with simple explanations

• Does not give detailed/quantitative device
  behavior useful in circuit design
• Does not allow us to predict performance of a
  device design
• Does not give us insight on how to build better
  devices

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Technology metrics

• Density
• Speed
• Power consumption
• Power rating
• Noise

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Density Moores Law

• Density of transistors in chip doubles about
  every 18 months (1965, Gordon Moore Intel
  co-founder)

www.intel.com/research/silicon/mooreslaw.htm
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Higher density smaller feature sizes
www.intel.com/update/archive/issue2/pix/foc_fig3.j
pg
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The vanishing transistor
Intel

• Difficulties in performance, reliability,
  mass-production as feature sizes shrink
  addressed by new topologies/processes

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Speed

• Factors size, material, design

Actual speed data from www.dell.com/us/en/esg/topi
cs/power_ps3q02-intelgb.htm.Speed projections
from R. Pierret, Semiconductor Device
Fundamentals, Addison-Wesley, 1996.
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The fastest transistor?

• Silicon germanium (SiGe) transistor that can
  operate at 210 GHz. (IBM, 2001)
• SiGe, GaAs and other matls faster than silicon
  alone. Other design features help achieve speed.
  How? Later in the course.

www-3.ibm.com/chips/news/2001/0625_fastimages.html
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Power consumption

• Power ? (frequency)2
• Power ? (supply voltage)2

www.intel.com/technology/itj/q12001/articles/art_4
.htm
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Power dissipation future problem
Borivoje Nikolic. EEE 141 class notes
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White LEDs

• Composition determines color
• Red Ga, As, P
• earliest sale 1970s
• Green Ga, P, N
• Blue Ga, N
• first sold 1994
• made white/full-spectrum LEDs possible

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Semicon in RP

• Electronics accounts for 27B or 70 of our
  exports (2000)
• Design and assembly at both system (e.g. disk
  drives) and component (e.g. IC) level
• Ex. Intel does flash memory design in RP
• Semiconductor and Electronics Industries in the
  Phils (SEIPI)
• 189 members 72 Filipino-owned, 117 foreign
• Electronic Industry Association of the
  Philippines (EIAPI)
• 30 members 25 associate members (universities,
  etc.)
• Bulk of local semicon package and test
• Push towards more design and test capability
• Greater profit margin than in packaging and
  manufacturing

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Course approach
Devices to be studied

• Diodes
• Bipolar Junction Transistors (BJTs)
• Field Effect Transistors (FETs)

• DC model
• Some circuits
• AC/small-signal model
• Some more circuits
• Qualitative physics
• Quantitative physics
• Non-ideal behavior
• Device Limits

Course is 50 circuits 50 physics In semicon
physics, main tool is energy band diagram
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Course approach...

• Review circuit analysis (EEE 33), esp.
• RC, RL circuits
• AC/phasors
• Review EEE 23, esp.
• work-energy-voltage relationships
• Even more circuits in EEE 51/53
• EEE 41 is just warm-up simple/intuitive design
  techniques

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Basic power supply
220VAC 60Hz
regulator in out ground
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Forward converter
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BJT logic
buzzer
Rightdoor open
Leftdoor open
Driverseated
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FET circuits