Diseases and Disorders of the Eye

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Diseases and Disorders of the Eye
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Objectives

• Discuss the anatomy of the eye
• Learn about different vision disorders
• Describe a variety of diseases and their
  treatments

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Eye Diagram
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Three MAIN LAYERS OF THE EYESclera, choroid,
retina

• Primary Structures

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sclera is the outermost layer (white) of the eye
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Cornea is the clear transparent structure located
on the front of the eye
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Ciliary body attaches to the iris, the colored
part of the eye
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Rods and cones
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Rods are responsible for vision at low light
levels, enable night vision
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Cones are sensor receptive cells In the retina
for detection of color and fine detail
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OPHTHALMOLOGIST MD WHO SPECIALIZES IN TREATING
DISORDERS OF THE EYE
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Vision errors

• REFRACTIVE DISORDERS

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Myopia nearsightedness
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Hyperopia - farsightedness

• Images are formed beyond the retina causing
  blurring of images that are close the eyeball
  is abnormally short in shape

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Astigmatism

• Cornea or the lens not a smooth sphere

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Strabismus

• Failure of the eyes to track together
• Usually the result of an underlying disease (DM)
  if the onset is at adulthood

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Nystagmus

• Constant involuntary movement of one or both eyes
• Usually a lifetime affliction
• How would affect your patients?

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Conjunctivitis

• Inflammation of the conjunctiva

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Blepharitis

• Inflammation of the glands and lash follicles
• Caused by staph or allergy
• Treat with antibiotic ointment

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Stye Chalazion
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Disorders of the eyeball
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Corneal Abrasion
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Cataract cloudy or opaque area in lens of eye
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Glaucoma
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GLAUCOMA

• Most often seen in pts over 60 yo
• Chronic Open Angle
• Acute Closed Angle
• The iris is pushed or pulled up against the
  trabecular meshwork blocking the drainage of the
  aqueous humor, thereby increasing IOP
• Symptoms
• h/as, severe pain, halos around light
• Causes permanent blindness in days if not treated

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Glaucoma
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Macular Degeneration
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Miscellaneous Info

• Blepharoptosis is permanent
• drooping of the upper eyelid
• Retinal detachment elevation of the retina from
  the choroid

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The earOrgan of balance and hearing
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Middle Ear

• Air-filled chamber
• Ossicles
• Eustachian tube goes from middle ear cavity to
  the nasopharynx
• Equalizes pressure with the external cavity
• Tympanic membrane seals off outer ear from middle
  ear

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Inner Ear
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Balance
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LABYRINTH

• Membrane lined chamber that contains the 3
  semi-circular canals set a right angles to each
  other
• Responsible for evaluating position of head in
  relation to the pull of gravity
• Maintains equilibrium or balance

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LABYRINTH

• Filled with fluid and adjust to movement and
  sends the change to the CNS
• Motion sickness comes from excessive stimulation
  of the 3 canals

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Ear disorders
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Disorders of Conduction

• Occur in the external or middle ear that might
  result in hearing loss
• Possible causes
• Cerumen a waxlike substance produced by the
  glands of the external ear
• Trauma
• Otosclerosis
• Chronic ear infections

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Impacted Cerumen

• Causes hearing loss, tinnitus, ear pain

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Sensorineural Impairment

• Results from damage to the Organ of Corti or
  auditory nerve
• Causes
• Prolonged exposure to loud noises
• Virus
• Head trauma
• Ototoxic meds

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OTITIS EXTERNA AND OTITIS MEDIA

• Infections

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Otitis Externa

• Inflammation of the external ear canal
• Also called swimmers ear
• Causes
• Psoriasis
• Use of earplugs
• Swimming

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Otitis Media

• Inflammation of the normally air-filled middle
  ear
• Fluid collecting behind the tympanic membrane
• Treatment
• Antibiotic
• Analgesic
• decongestant

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Otitis Media

• Bacterial infection of the middle ear
• Also called suppurative otitis media if it is
  leaking pus-like substance
• Also called serous otitis media if it is leaking
  serous fluid

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Labyrinthitis

• Inflammation/infection of the semicircular canals
  of the middle ear
• Also called neurolabrynthitis, acute peripheral
  vestibulopathy, vestibular neuritis and
  vestibulopathy.

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OTHER EAR CONDITIONS
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Menieres Disease

• Cause unknown
• Destroys hairs in cells of cochlea
• Chronic/progressive
• Affects labyrinth and causes recurrent tinnitus
• Nausea and vomiting
• Balance problems
• Treat the symptoms and destroy affected labyrinth
  surgically

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Vertigo

• Spinning sensation with movement of the head
  feels like the room is spinning
• Causes nausea, vomiting, difficulty standing and
  walking
• Balance or equilibrium disorder, or other
  isolated causes
• Tx antihistamines, airsick pills,

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Tinnitis

• A ringing or buzzing sound in the ear
• Tinnitus is the perception of sound within the
  human ear in the absence of corresponding
  external sound

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Diagnostic procedures
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• Otoscopy

• Audiometry

• Visual examination of the ear using an otoscope

• Patient wears a head set and signals with their
  hand when they hear sound