Classification of the Consonants

1
Classification of the Consonants

• Place-Voice-Manner

2
Manner of Production

• Stops p,b,t,d,k,g and ?
• Formed by blocking the oral cavity, thereby
  stopping the airstream at some point
• Air pressure builds up in the oral cavity
• Voiceless stops are aspirated at beginning of
  words
• Velopharynx is closed

3
Stops (cont)

• Bilabial stops
• /p, b/
• Alveolar stops 6 stops
• /t, d/
• Velar stops (voiced/voiceless)
• /k, g/
• Glottal stop /?/

4
Stops (cont)

• Deaf speakers usually voice all stops
• Flap ? an allophone of /t/ and /d/ that
  occurs intervocalically in words such as city,
  ladder, butter, writer, Patty
• A tap or bounce of the tongue on the alveolar
  ridge
• Epenthetic stop
• Insert (epenthesis) a stop between a nasal and a
  fricative
• Prince, prints
• Warmth
• something

5
Fricatives f,v,?,?,s,z,?,? and h

• Produced by forcing air out through a narrow
  constriction
• Air creates a noisy turbulence
• Velopharynx is closed

6
Fricatives (cont)

• Labiodental /f, v/
• Linguadental /?, ?/
• Alveolar /s,z/ 8-9 fricatives
• Palatal /?, ?/ voiced/voiceless
• glottal /h/

7
Fricatives (cont)

• Lisp (alveolar and palatal fricatives)
• Speakers who have difficulty with fricatives
• Cleft palate air escapes through the cleft
• Deaf speakers dont distinguish voicing

8
Affricates t?, d?

• Made up of a plosive and a homorganic fricative
• The two are articulated in one movement and act
  as a single unit
• Velopharynx is closed

9
Affricates (cont)

• Voiceless palatal affricate t?
• Voiceled palatal affricate d?

10
Affricates (cont)

• Dental affricates
• German and Italian
• Nazi
• pizza

11
Nasals m,n,?

• Oral cavity is completely closed, as it is for
  stops
• Velopharynx is open
• Have a syllabic nature
• They may form a syllable with no othr vowel m,
  n, ?
• button b???n b??n
• bottom b???? b??m

12
Nasals (cont)

• Bilabial m
• Alveolar n
• Velar ?

13
Glides w, j and h

• Articulators make a gradual gliding motion toward
  and from a vowel
• Therefore, can only occur pre- and
  intervocalically NEVER word-finally
• Most vowel-like of the approximants (frictionless
  continuants glides and liquids)

14
Glides (cont)

• Labio-velar glide w
• Palatal glide j
• Glottal glide h

15
Liquids l, r

• Shares characteristics with other approximants
• No friction or blockage
• Vowel-like quality
• Can function as either a consonant or a vowel

16
Liquids (cont)

• Lateral liquid l
• Voiced alveolar liquid
• 2 kinds of l
• Light l leaf
• Dark ? dull
• Additional arching of tongue in velar region
• Rhotic liquid r
• Voiced palatal liquid
• Tongue is raised and retracted in a tight knot
• Tongue is bunched

17
Phonetic Descriptions Exercises

• Voiced palatal glide
• Voiceless glottal glide
• Voiceless palatal affricate
• Voiced labio-velar glide
• Voiced palatal affricate

18
Phonetic Descriptions Exercises

• /j/
• /d?
• /w/
• /j, d?, t?
• /t?, h/

19
Phonetic Descriptions Exercises

• Voiced velar stop
• Voiceless palatal fricative
• Voiceless alveolar stop
• Voiceless alveolar fricative
• Voiced labio-dental fricative
• Voiced velar stop
• Voiced bilabial stop
• Palatal glide

20
Phonetic Descriptions Exercises

• /v/
• /?/
• /?/
• /s/
• /j/
• /p, t, k, t?, f, ?, s, ?/
• /t, d, s, z/
• V, ?, z, ?/