Using Sources

1
Using Sources

• What to Cite, Harris
• Danielle M. Kwasnik, EdD
• kwasnik_at_nova.edu

2
Using Sources

• If the information came from outside your own
  head, cite the source (p. 16).
• If in doubt, cite it (p. 19).
• Choosing sources to Cite (Harris, 2005, pp.
  16-19)
• Harris, R. A. (2005). Using sources effectively
  Strengthening your writing and avoiding
  plagiarism (3rd ed.). Los Angeles, CA
  Pyrczak Publishers. 

3
Using SourcesSelecting Sources

• Select sources based on level of scholarship.
• Avoid selecting sources based on your level of
  agreement.
• Carefully select Internet sources avoid if
  possible.
• The expertise test Is there evidence that the
  source knows the subject?
• The accuracy test Is the information correct
  today?
• The reliability test Is the information
  supported by other sources?
• (Harris, 2005, pp. 34-43)
• Harris, R. A. (2005). Using sources effectively
  Strengthening your writing and avoiding
  plagiarism (3rd ed.). Los Angeles, CA
  Pyrczak Publishers. 

4
Using SourcesQuotes

• Cautions for Quoting
• Too often
• Too heavy reliance on one source, and quoting
  that source too often
• Lengthy quotations
• (Harris, 2005, pp. 50-51)
• Harris, R. A. (2005). Using sources effectively
  Strengthening your writing and avoiding
  plagiarism (3rd ed.). Los Angeles, CA
  Pyrczak Publishers. 

5
Using SourcesParaphrases

• What is a paraphrase?
• A paraphrase converts a sources words into
  about the same number of your own words (p.
  52).
• When to paraphrase
• How to paraphrase
• (Harris, 2005, pp. 52-58)
• Harris, R. A. (2005). Using sources effectively
  Strengthening your writing and avoiding
  plagiarism (3rd ed.). Los Angeles, CA
  Pyrczak Publishers. 

6
Using SourcesParaphrases

• 6 Steps to Effective Paraphrasing
• Reread the original passage until you understand
  its full meaning.
• Set the original aside, and write your paraphrase
  on a note card.
• Jot down a few words below your paraphrase to
  remind you later how you envision using this
  material. At the top of the note card, write a
  key word or phrase to indicate the subject of
  your paraphrase.
• Check your rendition with the original to make
  sure that your version accurately expresses all
  the essential information in a new form.
• Use quotation marks to identify any unique term
  or phraseology you have borrowed exactly from the
  source.
• Record the source (including the page) on your
  note card so that you can credit it easily if you
  decide to incorporate the material into your
  paper.
• Source http//owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource
  /619/01/

7
Using SourcesIntroducing Sources

• Introductory strategies
• Introductory verbs
• Punctuation
• Table of Quotation Verbs
• Always quote exactly (p. 81).
• (Harris, 2005, pp. 74-81)
• Harris, R. A. (2005). Using sources effectively
  Strengthening your writing and avoiding
  plagiarism (3rd ed.). Los Angeles, CA
  Pyrczak Publishers. 

8
Evaluating ResearchGuidelines

• No research provides proof.
• Use hedging language suggests, or provides
  strong evidence or appears to indicate.
• (Pyrczak, 2005, pp. 7-8)
• Pyrczak, F. (2005). Evaluating research in
  academic journals A practical guide to realistic
  evaluation (3rd ed.). Los Angeles, CA
  Pyrczak Publishers. 

9
Sample reference list in APA

• References
• Anderson, L., Adelman, N., Finnigan, K., Cotton,
  L., Donnelly, M. B., Price, T. (2002). A decade
  of public charter schools Evaluation of the
  public charter school program 2000-2001
  evaluation report. Retrieved August 15, 2005 from
  the SRI International Web site
  http//www.sri.com/policy/cep/choice/yr2.pdf.
  (Online source no doi available)
• Best, J. W., Kahn, J. V. (1998). Research in
  education (8th ed.). Boston, MA Allyn and Bacon.
  (Edited book)
• Bolman, L. Deal, T. (1997). Reframing
  organizations. San Francisco, CA Jossey-Bass.
  (Book)
• Dressler, B. (2001). Charter school leadership.
  Education and Urban Society, 33(4), 170-185.
  (Journal article)
• Edwards, B. (2005). How are Californias charter
  schools performing? Retrieved from
  http//www.edsource.org/pub_abs_charters05.cfm
  (online journal article) no doi available

10
References continued

• Opfer, V. D. (2001). Charter schools and the
  panoptic effect of accountability. Education and
  Urban Society, 33(2), 201-215. doi10.1177/0013124
  501332008 (Journal article w/doi)
• Sanders, M. G., Allen-Jones, G. L., Abel, Y.
  (2002). Involving families and communities in the
  education of children and youth placed at risk.
  In S. Stringfield D. Land (Eds.), Educating
  at-risk students (pp. 171-188). Chicago National
  Society for the Study of Education, University of
  Chicago Press. (Book chapter)
• Spillane, J. P., Seashore Louis, K. (2002).
  School improvement processes and practices
  Professional learning for building instructional
  capacity. In J. Murphy (Ed.), The educational
  leadership challenge Redefining leadership for
  the 21st century (pp. 83-104). Chicago
  University of Chicago Press. (Book chapter)
• United States Government Accountability Office.
  (2005, January). Charter schools To enhance
  educations monitoring research, more charter
  school level data are needed. Retrieved August
  26, 2005 from http//www.gao.gov/new.items/d055.pd
  f (Online source no doi available)
• Wells, A., Research Associates. (1998). Charter
  school reform in California Does it meet
  expectations? Phi Delta Kappan, 80(4), 305-312.
  (Online source)

11
Electronic Sources - Locator Information (APA
manual p. 187-189)

• DOI Digital Object Identifiers. An alphanumeric
  string assignment by a registration agency to
  identify content and provide a link to its
  location on the Internet.
• THE DOI System provides citation-linking services
  for the scientific publishing sector.
• The purpose of the DOI is to direct readers to
  content.
• The DOI is a linking mechanism embedded in the
  reference lists of electronic sources.
• www.crossref.org

12
References and Suggested Texts

• American Psychological Association. (2010).
  Publication manual of the American Psychological
  Association (6th ed.). Washington, DC American
  Psychological Association.
• Galvan, J. L. (2006). Writing literature
  reviews A guide for students of the social and
  behavioral sciences (3rd ed.). Los Angeles, CA
  Pyrczak Publishers.
• Harris, R. A. (2005). Using sources effectively
  Strengthening your writing and avoiding
  plagiarism (3rd ed.). Los Angeles, CA
  Pyrczak Publishers. 
• Pyrczak, F. (2005). Evaluating research in
  academic journals A practical guide to
  realistic evaluation (3rd ed.). Los Angeles, CA
  Pyrczak Publishers. 
• Strunk, W., White, E. B., Angell, R. (2000).
  The elements of style (4th ed.). New York, NY
  Longman.