TRANSCULTURAL COMMUNICATION

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TRANSCULTURAL COMMUNICATION
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INTRODUCTION

• What happens when an Iranian doctor a Filipino
  nurse treat a Mexican patient?
• When a Navaho patient calls a medicine man to the
  hospital?
• When an Anglo nurse refused to take orders from a
  Japanese doctor?
• conflict confusion, unless they all have
  some understanding of cultural differences

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CULTURE DEFINED

• Culture is a patterned behavioral response
• In 1871, Sir Edward Tylor
• ( an anthropologist) wrote that culture is
• the complex whole which includes knowledge,
  belief, art, morals, law, custom and any other
  capabilities and habits acquired by man as a
  member of society

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CULTURE RACE

• According to Websters
• Culture is the customary beliefs, social forms
  and material traits of a racial, religious or
  social group
• Race is a family, tribe, people, or nation of
  the same stock
• -grouping is based on
• biological similarities

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CULTURE DEFINED

• Culture has 4 basic characteristics
• it is learned from birth
• it is shared by all members of the
• same group
• it is an adaptation to
• environmental conditions
• it is a dynamic ever changing process

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CULTURE VALUES

• Values are perceptions of what is good or
• useful
• Each society has a dominant value
• orientation
• Cultural Norms are the rules by which
• human behavior is governed

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• Values influence our perception of others
• reflect our identity
• are the basis for self-evaluation
• are the foundation for personal,
• professional, social, political
• philosophical issues
• motivate behaviors
• give meaning to life provide self esteem

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SUBCULTURES

• a group with shared characteristics not common to
  all members of the larger cultural group
• subcultures are categorized by
• geographic region, age, sex, religion,
• social class, political party,
• ethnic identity, occupational role

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MINORITY GROUP

• a group of people who because of physical or
  cultural characteristics receive different
  unequal treatment from others
• minority group members see themselves as
  recipients of collective discrimination

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ETHNICITY

• Ethnic is derived from Ethnos (nation, people),
• relating to races or large groups of people
  classed according to common traits customs
  (Webster)
• includes the values, perceptions, feelings,
  assumptions physical characteristics associated
  with an ethnic group
• Ethnicity influences our sense of space, time,
• belonging
• it develops through daily contact with family,
• friends associates

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CULTURAL GROUPS IN THE U.S.

• the population of the US is increasing in
  ethnic, racial cultural diversity
• US census 2000
• White 75.1 Native Hawaiian 0.1
• Black 12.3 Other Race 5.5
• Asian 3.6 Latino 12.5
• American Indian/Alaska Native 0.9

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PREDICTIONS

• by 2050
• White 52.8
• Latino 24.0
• Black 13.6
• Asian 8.2
• shortly after 2050, whites will cease to be the
  majority population group

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NURSES 2002

• minority nurses greatly underrepresented
  especially Latinos (figures for RNs)
• White 86.6 (75.1)
• Latino 2.0 (12.5)
• Black 4.9 (12.3)
• Asian 3.7 ( 3.6)
• (2002) (2000)

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CROSS CULTURALCOMMUNICATION

• cross cultural and intercultural are synonymous
  terms and s defined as communication between
  people with different language, national origin,
  race or ethnicity

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PRECONCEPTIONS

• Culture shapes perception
• we carry our cultural expectations
  (preconceptions) into all of our
• cross-cultural encounters
• stereotypes and prejudices are preconceptions
• there are some reasons for perceived identities,
  common early experiences values
• this does not mean all cultural members are
• the same as there is a wide range of
• individual characteristics

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ETHNOCENTRISM

• -the assumption of cultural superiority
• (the belief that ones ethnic group
• is better than all others)
• -oppression is the result of ethnocentrism
• -dominant culture prevailing group
• within a society
• -cultural assimilation the absorption of
• the minority into the dominant culture

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CULTURE NURSING

• nurses must learn culturally appropriate
  competent care techniques
• when nurses consider race, ethnicity, culture
  cultural heritage, they provide better care
• there is no cookbook approach
• there is much variation within different races,
  cultures ethnic groups

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TRANSCULTURAL NURSING

• Leininger pioneered transcultural nursing as a
  humanistic and scientific area of formal study
  and practice which is focused upon differences
  and similarities among cultures with respect to
  human care, health (or well-being), and illness
  based upon the peoples cultural values, beliefs
  practices with the ultimate goal of culturally
  specific and culturally congruent nursing care

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• Giger Davidhizer developed a transcultural
  assessment model
• In this medel, nursing is viewed as culturally
  competent practice, which is client centered
  research focused
• this model recognizes that culture influences how
  clients are viewed care is given
• each individual is culturally unique

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CULTURAL COMPETENCE

• This concept takes into account
• communication
• space
• social organization
• time
• environmental control
• biological variations

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CULTURAL ASSESSMENT

• Categories of information necessary for a
  thorough cultural assessment
• -ethnic or racial backgroung
• -language communication patterns
• -cultural values norms
• -biocultural factors
• -religious beliefs practices
• -health beliefs practices

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SPATIAL BEHAVIOR

• the universal need for territoriality
• meets needs for security, privacy, autonomy and
  self-identity
• proximity to others (proxemics) is the study of
  human use of social personal space
• physical distancing from others varies with
  setting and is culturally learned

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PROXEMICS

• western culture has 3 primary dimensions of space
  which are
• intimate zone 0-18 inches
• personal zone 18inches 3 feet
• public zone 3 feet - 6
  feet
• people in the US, Canada, Britain require the
  most space whereas Latin Americans, Japanese,
  Arabs need the least

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PROXEMICS

• Asians generally more sensitive to personal space
• some West Indians maintain little space between
  friends, whereas outsiders are expected to
  maintain more distance
• touching between members of the same sex is
  more common in Arabic cultures
• in Latin America, a handshake is seen as cold
• the embrace by hands around the shoulders is
  more normal
• touching the shoulders of a Japanese man is seen
  as unpardonable

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HOSPTIALS

• patients need some control of their space rules
  to prevent invasion/misuse by others
• they need a place for belongings without fear of
  being bothered by others freedom to do things,
  such as take a nap

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COLORS

• in North American cultures, warm colors such as
  yellow, red orange tend to stimulate creative
  happy responses
• in some Asian countries, white is associated
  with a funeral
• in some African countries, red symbolizes
  witchcraft death
• in western culture, cool colors such as blue,
  green gray tend to encourage meditation
  deliberation discourage communication