Der Deutsche Zollverein The German Customs Association 1834 ? 1871

1
Der Deutsche ZollvereinThe German Customs
Association1834 ? 1871

• Hans-Heinrich Vogel
• 22 September 2005

2
Europe Today
Hans-Heinrich Vogel
3
Europe 1789
Hans-Heinrich Vogel
4
Europe 1872
Hans-Heinrich Vogel
5
Points of Departure

• French Revolution (1789)
• Coalition (Napoleonic) wars (1792 ? 1815)
• Vienna Congress (1813 ? 1815)
• German Confederation (Deutscher Bund) (1815 ?
  1866)
• Restauration and revolution (1815 1848)

Hans-Heinrich Vogel
6
European Economies 1800 ? 1840

• Strains
• External war
• Internal political unrest
• Remedies
• Income tax Act for a Contribution on Property,
  Professions, Trades and Offices (1799)
• Customs duties and accises Prussian Customs Act
  (1818)
• Recovery
• Technical and industrial achievements
• Natural resources
• Communications (railways)

Hans-Heinrich Vogel
7
The Framework Confederation and Customs Unions

• Confederation Consensus (Article 19
  Confederation Act of 1815)
• Customs unions Political weight?
• Accession of Schwarzburg-Sondershausen (1819)
• Conflict Prussia ? Anhalt-Köthen (1820 ? 1822)
• Vienna Customs Convention (1820)

Hans-Heinrich Vogel
8
Financial Policy, Trade Policies or Power
Politics?

• Customs duties as source of income
• Free trade
• Protectionism
• Sovereignty

Hans-Heinrich Vogel
9
The Customs Association First Steps

• Mergers and accessions
• Customs convention Prussia ? Hesse 1831
• Merger of associations of Prussia/Hesse and
  Southern Germany 1832
• Accession of Saxonia and Thuringia

Hans-Heinrich Vogel
10
The Customs Association 1834?1860

• Membership
• General conference of envoyés
• Legislation (leges conventionales)
• Zollvereinsrecht bricht Landesrecht
• Transfer of sovereignty
• Unified customs administration
• Clearing of income
• Prologations 1841 and 1853

Hans-Heinrich Vogel
11
The Customs Association 1860?1866

• Membership for Austria?
• Treaty with France?
• Notice of termination and renegotiation 1863/64
• Renewal 1864/65
• Treaty with Austria 1865
• War 1866

Hans-Heinrich Vogel
12
The Customs Association 1867?1870

• Northern German Confederation (Norddeutscher Bund
  1867
• Customs Association Treaty 1867
• From confederation/association to federation of
  states and federal state
• Customs parliament (general, equal and direct
  suffrage)
• End and continuation War with France and the
  establishment of the German Reich 1870/71

Hans-Heinrich Vogel