The EV1: Electric Car of the 90s

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The EV1 Electric Car of the 90s
Figure 1
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Figure 2
Figure 3
Figure 4
Figure 5
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World Solar Challenge

• First solar vehicle competition
• Held in Australia in November 1987
• Major US car manufacturers like Ford and GM
  participated
• Results stimulated interest in
• electric cars in the automobile
• industry

Figure 6
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California and the EV1

• During the 1990s California had a tremendous smog
  and pollution problem that needed to be
  addressed.
• California Air and Resources Board (CARB) passed
  a Zero Emission Vehicle (ZEV) Mandate
• Required car manufacturers to sell ZEVs if they
  wanted to sell cars in California
• Lead to the development of EV cars

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Design and Technology

• Two seat cabin

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Figure 7
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Design and Technology

• Two seat cabin
• No key required

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Figure 9
Figure 8
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Design and Technology

• Two seat cabin
• No key required
• Accelerates from 0-60 in 8 seconds

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Design and Technology

• Two seat cabin
• No Key required
• Accelerates from 0-60 in 8 seconds
• Top average speed 80 mph
• Highest clocked speed 183 mph

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Figure 10
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Figure 11
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Battery Specs

• 1st generation EV1 carried a 26 lead-acid cell
  battery
• Average range 60-80 miles per charge
• Complete charge takes approx. 3 hrs
• 220 volt 6kW charger
• Charger plugs into the front of the car

Figure 13
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Charging Unit
Figure 14
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Battery Specs

• 2nd generation EV1 carried a NiMH battery
• Developed by Stan Ovshinsky
• Range 100-120 miles
• Complete charge in approx. 5 hrs
• Used the same charger as 1st gen.

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Figure 15
Figure 16
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Cost of the EV1

• Sold at 33,995, or leased for about 399 a
  month
• Cost of operating an EV1 Cost of operating a
  gasoline car EXCEPT gas costs 0.60 cents a
  gallon!
• Maintenance is minimal
• Performed every 5000 miles
• No extra products

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What happened to the EV1?

• Approximately 4,000 leased
• GM recalled and took back every car in less than
  10 years
• Crushed, shredded and destroyed

Before
Figure 17
Figure 18
After
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Who Killed the EV1?

• Consumers
• Government
• Oil Companies
• Automotive Industry

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General Motors

• Poor marketing
• http//noolmusic.com/myspace_videos/general_motors
  _ev-1_tv_commercial_4.php
• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vWGdNTOdemBw

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GM Claims

• Claim Wasnt enough demand
• Truth EV1 had a waiting list of thousands of
  buyers.
• Claim Cars and batteries were too expensive to
  make.
• Truth Mass production could have helped
  streamline costs.

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GM Motive

• Why would GM want to get rid of the EV1?
• Profit Loss
• No need for servicing parts like oil filters
• Oil company connection?

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Oil Companies

• Funded opposition to the EV1
• Profit loss
• Trillions of dollars of profits still left in oil
  reserves
• 13.5 million barrels a day in 2004

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Government

• Bushs 2004 Economic Incentive Plan
• Tax credit for EVs 4,000
• Tax credit for luxury SUVs 100,000
• Joined Automotive Companies in suing CARB over
  the ZEV Mandate
• Emphasis on Hydrogen Fuel Cell Development
• Fuel economy standards have not improved since
  CAFÉ standards were adopted in 1975s
• OPEC dropped oil prices

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Consumers

• Consumers were cautious to accepting the electric
  car
• Many were ignorant to that it even existed
• Many couldnt see the difference between gas cars
  and EV cars
• Consumers will buy what you market to them that
  they need to buy

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Conclusion

• Although the EV1 did have limitations, it
  possessed the potential to be a viable vehicle
  alternative.
• Had the EV1 remained on the market, significant
  progress in the development of electric vehicles
  could have been made.

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Figures Work Cited

• "EV1." Photograph. Carfree World.9 Nov. 2008
  lthttp//www.carsareevil.com/images/gm_ev1.jpggt.
• "1998 Electric Ford Ranger." Photographs. How
  Stuff Works.9 Nov. 2008 lthttp//static.howstuffwor
  ks.com/gif/1990-1999-ford-trucks-40.jpggt.
• "Ford Think." Photograph. 21stcentury.co.uk. 9
  Nov. 2008 lthttp//www.21stcentury.co.uk/images/car
  s/ford_th!nk.jpggt.
• "Honda EV Plus." Photograph. AutoWorld.9 Nov.
  2008 lthttp//www.autoworld.com/news/Honda/ev_plus.
  jpggt.
• "Nissan Altra." Photograph. The Auto Channel.9
  Nov. 2008 lthttp//www.theautochannel.com/cybercast
  /laautoshow98/images/nissan_altra_ev.jpggt.
• "World Solar Challenge." Photograph. 1990 World
  Solar Challenge.9 Nov. 2008 lthttp//www-personal.u
  mich.edu/sdbest/solarcar/Wsc1990.htmgt.
• 7-9, 12, 14. "Miscellaneous EV1." Photograph. EV1
  FAQ.9 Nov. 2008 lthttp//www.ev1.pair.com/charge_ac
  ross_america/charge_html/faqs.htmlanchor2778139.
  gt.
• 10-11. "Inside the EV1." Diagram. EV1 Club.6 Nov.
  2008 lthttp//ev1-club.power.net/evpics.htmgt.
• 13. "EV1 Engine." Photograph. Motortrend Blog.9
  Nov. 2008 lthttp//image.motortrend.com/f/editorial
  /no-one-killed-the-electric-car-it-was-dead-on-arr
  ival/9814174cr1re0ar1/gm-ev1-engine.jpggt.
• 16. "EV1 Battery." Photograph. JCWinni-Photobucket
  .9 Nov. 2008 lthttp//i160.photobucket.com/albums/t
  175/jcwinni/gmphev5.pnggt.
• 17. "EV1 Graveyard - December, 2003- Before."
  Digital Photograph. EV1 Club.5 Nov. 2008
  lthttp//ev1-club.power.net/archive/031219/jpg/befo
  re1.htmgt.
• 18. "EV1 Graveyard - December, 2003- After."
  Digital Photograph. EV1 Club.5 Nov. 2008
  lthttp//ev1-club.power.net/archive/031219/jpg/afte
  r2.htmgt.

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References

• "History of Electric Vehicles from 1990 to 1998."
  EV History. 1 About.com. 5 Nov. 2008
  lthttp//inventors.about.com/library/weekly/aacarse
  lectric2a.htmgt.
• Trexlar, Kris. Charge Across America. 1 Jan. 9
  Nov. 2008 lthttp//www.ev1.pair.com/charge_across_a
  merica/charge_html/faqs.htmlanchor2843536gt.
• "United States." The World Factbook. 1 CIA. 9
  Nov. 2008 lthttps//www.cia.gov/library/publication
  s/the-world-factbook/print/us.htmlgt.
• Who Killed the Electric Car. Dir. Chris Paine
  DVD. Sony Pictures, 2006.
• "Who Killed the Electric Car." NOW. 9 June 2006.
  PBS. 5 Nov. 2008 lthttp//www.pbs.org/now/shows/223
  /gt.
• Who Killed the Electric Car. Sony Pictures
  Classics. 5 Nov. 2008 lthttp//www.sonyclassics.com
  /whokilledtheelectriccar/electric.htmlgt.