Can Vegetables Be More Productive Under Tree-Based Systems?

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Can Vegetables Be More Productive Under
Tree-Based Systems?
AVRDC-WVC Thursday Seminar, 12 June 2008
Photo by Mandy Lin
Manuel C. Palada, Ph.D. Crop Ecosystem
Management Specialist
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Outline

• Overview of the SANREM CRSP Vegetable
  Agroforestry Project (VAF)
• Early studies on VAF
• Tree-vegetable crop interface/interactions
• Performance of AVRDC-WVC vegetable varieties
  under VAF
• Other results from the Philippines, Indonesia and
  Vietnam
• Summary
• VAF TMPEGS Team

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SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE AND NATURAL RESOURCES
MANAGEMENT COLLABORATIVE RESEARCH SUPPORT
PROGRAM (SANREM CRSP)
Agroforestry and Sustainable Vegetable Production
in Southeast Asian Watersheds (2005-2009)
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Strong Partnership
De La Salle
UPLB
NCAT
Don Bosco
UC Berkeley
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AVRDC The World Vegetable Center
AVRDC WVC SANREM Team
Manny Palada Mubarik Ali
Greg Luther
Flordeliza Faustino
Liwayway Engle
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Problem Statement

• Communities in many forest and vegetable
  producing watersheds in Southeast Asia are
  suffering from poverty, and forest, soil and
  water resources degradation

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VEGETABLE AGROFORESTRY PROJECT SITES
Nghia Trung, Budang District, Binh Phuoc
Province Vietnam May 11, 2006
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VEGETABLE AGROFORESTRY PROJECT SITES
Nanggung, Indonesia May 3, 2006
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VEGETABLE AGROFORESTRY PROJECT SITES
Lantapan, Philippines May 24, 2008
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VIETNAM

• Binh Phouc Province

VAF Cacao, cashew, coffee, bananas, timber
trees, vegetables
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Indonesia

• Nanggung Sub-District
• Near Jakarta

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Indonesia
VAF Bananas, vegetables, mix trees
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Philippines
Lantapan, Bukidnon Island of Mindanao
VAF alley cropping, vegetables, bananas, timber
trees
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Problem Statement

• Communities in many forest and vegetable
  producing watersheds in Southeast Asia are
  suffering from poverty, and forest, soil and
  water resources degradation

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Response
TMPEGS TeaMPEGS
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SANREM CRSP VAF TMPEGS
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Vegetable Agroforestry Systems in Southeast Asian
Watersheds

• TMPEGS
• Stands for our TeaMs
• Philosophy

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PEGS

• A peg is a pin forming a projection that may be
  used as a support

TMPEGS Philosophy We are PEGS supporting
small scale farmers both women and men
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TMPEGS

• Technology complementarity

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TMPEGS

• Marketing value chain

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TMPEGS

• Policy incentives

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TMPEGS

• E

nvironmental conomic-social impact
it works
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TMPEGS

• Gender equity

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TMPEGS

• Scaling-up contagiousness

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Conceptual Framework
Technology
Vegetables
Complementary agroforestry systems
Baseline studies
Trees
Environmental and Socio-Economic Impacts
Marketing
Gender
Policy
Stakeholders mainly Small Scale Farmers both
Women and Men
Scaling-up
Predominant flow Feedback flow
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Overall hypothesis
In intensive vegetable production system in the
uplands, monoculture systems are not sustainable,
but integrating trees is feasible and offers
better prospects.
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Alley Cropping
Vegetable Agroforestry (VAF) systems is
inevitably the most appropriate technology for
the uplands to enhance the productivity,
profitability and protective functions of
vegetable production system in a sustainable
manner, while reducing production risks and
environmental hazards of vegetable production
system.
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Early Studies on Vegetable Agroforestry Systems
Vegetable Agroforestry Systems in Southeast
Asian Watersheds

• International Institute of Tropical Agriculture
  
• (IITA) Nigeria (1985-90)
• University of the U.S. Virgin Islands, St.
  Croix (1991-2001)
• Center for Subtropical Agroforestry,
• University of Florida (2002-2005)

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IITA, Nigeria
No alley
No alley
With alley
With alley
No alley
With alley
Alley cropping Leucaena with leafy Chinese
cabbage (Pai-tsai)
Chen, Y.S., B.T. Kang and F.E. Caveness. 1989.
Alley cropping vegetable crops with Leucaena in
Southern Nigeria. HortScience 24(5)839-940.
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Alley cropping with amaranthus, celosia, tomato
and okra
IITA, Nigeria

• Treatments
• Alley (Fertilizer)
• Alley (-Fertilizer)
• No Alley (Fertilizer)
• No Alley (-Fertilizer)
• Leucaena hedgerows 4 m
• Alley width 4 m

Palada, M.C., B.T. Kang and S.L. Claassen. 1992.
Effect of alley cropping Leucaena leucocephala
and fertilizer on yield of vegetable crops.
Agroforestry Systems 19139-147.
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St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands
Pruning hedgerows
Pruning applied as mulch
Hedgerow intercropping pigeonpea with bell pepper
Palada, M.C., S.M.A. Crossman and C.D.
Collingwood. 1992. Effect of pigeonpea
hedgerows on soil water and yield of intercropped
pepper. Proc. Caribbean Food Crops Soc.
28517-532.
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St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands
Alley cropping Moringa with medicinal plants and
culinary herbs
Palada, M.C., B.N. Becker, J.M. Mitchell and
P.K.R. Nair. 2003. Cultivation of medicinal
plants in alley cropping system with Moringa
oleifera in the Virgin Islands. Pp. 60-76 In
Y.N. Clement and C.E. Seaforth (eds). Proc. 6th
Intl Workshop on Herbal Medicines for the
Caribbean. Univ. of the West Indies, St.
Augustine, Trinidad Tobago.
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St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands
Rao, M.R., M.C. Palada and B.N. Becker. 2004.
Medicinal and aromatic plants in agroforestry
systems. Agroforestry Systems 61107-122. Palada,
M.C., J.M. Mitchell, B.N. Becker and P.K.R.
Nair. 2005. The integration of medicinal plants
and culinary herbs in agroforestry systems for
the Caribbean A study in the U.S. Virgin
Islands. Acta Hort. 676147-153.
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Hedgerow intecropping eggplant and sweet corn
with Leucana, Gliricia, Moringa and Pigeonpea.
Palada, M.C., J.J. ODonnell, S.M.A. Crossman and
J.A. Kowalski. 1994. Influence of four hedgerow
species on yield of sweet corn and eggplant in an
alley cropping system. Agron. Abst. 19947.
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Maize in Moringa hedgerows
Maize in Leucaena hedgerows
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St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands
No hedgerow plot
5 m
Morinda hedgerows
Hedgerow/alley plot
1 m
Row 2
Row 3
Hot pepper
Row 4
Row 1
Palada, M.C., B.N. Becker and J.M. Mitchell.
2004. Growth and yield of hot pepper in hedgerow
intecropping with Morinda (Morinda citrifolia L.)
during early establishment. Proc. Caribbean Food
Crops Soc. 4022-28.
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Photo by Mandy Lin
Palada, M.C., S.M.A. Crossman and J.J. ODonnell.
2004. Integrating high value horticultural
crops into agroforestry systems in the tropics
with focus on alley cropping. Proc. Symp. On
Celebrating Minority Professionals in Forestry
and Natural Resources Conservation. Florida AM
Univ. Tallahassee, Florida.
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TMPEGS

• Technology objective
• Develop economically viable and
  ecologically-sound vegetable-agroforestry (VAF)
  systems

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Evolution of the AF system in Southern
Philippines (Mindanao)
(hedgerow intercropping)
1990-2000 NVS Natural Veg. Strips
2000- present commercial trees
1970-90 Pruned hedgerow
?
Positive Control soil erosion Provide organic
fertilizer Fodder for animal Negative Labor
intensive Competes with crops space, growth
resources, labor, etc
Positive Very cheap to establish Control soil
erosion effectively Negative No economic benefits
Potentials Productivity/Profitability Sustainabil
ity Diversity Environmental services
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Environmental servicesReduction of soil loss..
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Relative yield of maize over six cropping periods
as influenced by different timber tree species as
hedgerows spaced at 8m x 3m
Yield of control
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Tree-Crop Interactionin
Vegetable Agroforestry Systems in Southeast
Asian Watersheds

• Hedgerow Intercropping

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Vegetable Agroforestry System Research Goal

• Tree-vegetable integration on farm with minimal
  negative interaction but optimal positive
  interaction, thus increasing productivity,
  economic profitability, nutrient use efficiency
  and environmental services

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Tree integration on intensive vegetable based
systems with minimal negative interaction

• Approaches
• Tree-vegetable matching
• Tree management
• Crop management

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Methodology

• Assessment of existing VAF systems covering 21
  farms, 2 AF systems, 6 tree species, 8
  vegetables, 4 aspects. Data collected were tree
  parameters (stem diameter, tree height, canopy
  height and width), spatial performance of
  vegetables (height, stem diameter, crown width,
  biomass), spatial light transmission (fish eye
  photography/quantum light meter)
• Focus group discussion with 15 VAF farmers on
  various ways of integrating trees on vegetable
  farms and their practices and experiences on tree
  and vegetable management addressing
  tree-vegetable competition and complementarity
• Evaluation of 5 commercial, 20 indigenous, and 5
  tree vegetables under tree-based system.

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Eucalyptus- tomato interaction under boundary
planting system
Average height at neutral zone
(m)
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Three zones of tree-crop interaction in vegetable
agroforestry systems
Average yield
(m)
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Net complementarity as a simple tool in assessing
appropriate tree-vegetable integration

• Net complementarity degree of
  complementarity-degree of competitiveness
• Degree of complementarity relative yield (at
  complementary zone) -1 x distance of influence
  (0 no complementarity)
• Degree of competitiveness 1- relative yield (at
  competition zone) x distance of influence (0 no
  competition)
• Relative yield at complementarity zone yield at
  complementarity zone divided by yield at neutral
  zone
• Relative yield at competition zone yield at
  competition zone divided by yield at neutral zone

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Influence of timber tree species on VAF net
complementarity under farmer management
(tree-vegetable matching)
Net complementarity
Tree species

• 0.23
• 0.48
• 0.30
• 0.85
• 1.67

Acacia mangium Eucalyptus robusta Eucalyptus
torillana Gmelina arborea Maesopsis emini
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Influence of vegetable crops on net
complementarity under farmers management
(tree-vegetable matching)
Vegetables Net complementarity index
Bell pepper Brocolli Cabbage Cauliflower Chinese cabbage Tomato White beans Maize 0.14 -7.54 0.98 0.44 0.57 -0.48 -1.67 -1.55
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Influence of aspects on VAF net complementarity
North
North (vegetable on south side)
South (vegetable on north side)
East (vegetable on west side)
West (vegetable on east side)
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Influence of aspects on net complementarity under
farmers crop management
Aspects Net complementarity
East (vegetable on west side) West (vegetable on east side) North (vegetable on south side) South (vegetable on north side) 2.09 - 0.54 1.06 1.74
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Vegetable-tree matching

• Evaluation of 5 commercial, 20 indigenous (from
  AVRDC GRSU), and 5 tree vegetables under
  tree-based system involving leafy, fruit and
  root vegetables.
• Vegetables were planted 2 rows perpendicular to
  the 6-year old Eucalytus torillana tree row 25 cm
  from tree trunk.
• Vegetable entries were arranged in RCB design
  replicated 3 times.
• Vegetables were harvested spatially row by row.
• Zones of interaction were calculated in each
  plot.

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Promising vegetables at competition zone (4.5
1.2 m from tree hedge)
Adaptability index Yield at competition zone
(Y1) / yield at neutral zone (Y0)
Where 1 adapted
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Promising vegetables at complementarity zone
(from 5 15 (2) m from tree hedge)
Complementarity index Yield at complementarity
(Y2) / yield at neutral zone (Y0)
Where 1 no complementarity effect
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Net complementarity indices of selected
vegetables planted perpendicular to the tree line
(researcher-managed)
Net complementarity index Y2-Y1 Where 0 no
benefit
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INDONESIA
Vegetable Agroforestry Systems in Southeast
Asian Watersheds

• Effect of shading on yields of vegetables under
  mixed-tree species

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Indonesia mixed tree species
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Indonesia mixed tree species
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Adaptation of vegetables under different shading
regimes in multi-storey agroforestry system in
Indonesia. Increase in yield over no shade
Vegetables Medium light ()
Amaranth spp 180
Kangkong 90
Eggplant 71
Chili 9
Tomato 5
Note Under heavy shade (Low light 32-1741000
lux), the growth and yield of 10 vegetables
evaluated were negatively affected. (Medium
light 43-5401000 lux). Adapted from Manurong et
al 2008. Can vegetables be productive under tree
shade management in West Java?
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VIETNAM
Vegetable Agroforestry Systems in Southeast Asian
Watersheds

• Shading effect on yield of vegetables
• Termite Biocontrol on Cacao Seedlings
  Vetiver Grass Application

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Vietnam - Cashew
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Vietnam Cashew - Vegetables
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Vietnam Cashew - Vegetables

1. Amaranth, kangkong, okra, and bitter gourd
   achieved highest yield under full sun light
   condition
2. Mustard and French bean have highest yield under
   medium light condition
3. Average yield of cashew trees located between two
   vegetable rows was recorded to be 17 more than
   average yield without vegetables planted.

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Biocontrol of Termite in Cacao Trees
Vetiver grass
Termite damage on cacao tree
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Percent mortality in cacao seedlings due to
termite damage as influenced by biocontrol methods
Treatment Site 1 Mortality () Site 2 Mortality ()
Manure 39 70
Farmers Practice (Chemical) 0 70
Manure Lime 17 70
Manure Vetiver grass compost Vetiver plants 0 33
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PHILIPPINES
Vegetable Agroforestry Systems in Southeast
Asian Watersheds

• Vegetable variety trials
• Drip irrigation
• Minimum tillage cover crop

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Tomato Variety Trial
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Tomato Variety Trial
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Evaluation of Indigenous Vegetables
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Indigenous Vegetables
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Indigenous Vegetables
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Indigenous Vegetables
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Conventional Vegetables
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Medicinal Trees
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Medicinal Trees
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Vegetable farmers performing evaluation of the
performance of different tomato superior lines
against tomato leaf curl virus under tree based
system during the farmers field day at Claveria,
Misamis Oriental, Philippines. These tomato lines
were provided by AVRDC.
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AVRDC tomatoes and eggplants evaluated under tree
based system were shown to vegetable farmers
during farmers field day at Lantapan, Bukidon,
Philippines.
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Farmers posed at the experimental billboard after
evaluating different tomato lines which are
resistant to tomato leaf curl virus (ToLCV)
during the farmers field at Claveria, Misamis
Oriental, Philippines
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Henry Binahon Outstanding Agroforestry Farmer
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Binahon Farm Model Vegetable Agroforestry Farm
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Drip irrigation
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Miniumum tillage with cover crop
Perennial peanut (Arachis pintoi)
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Taiwan
AVRDC-WVC Vegetable Agroforestry Research Field
( Established in 2005)
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Tropical Fruit Trees
Species Common name
Anona reticulata Bullocks Heart
Rollinia mucosa Biriba
Baccaurea ramiflora Mafai
Tamarindus indica Tamarind
Artocarpus heterophyllus Jackfruit
Eugenia brasiliensis Brasil cherry
Eugenia uniflora Surinam cherry
Psidium littorale Raddi Strawberry guava
Syzygium samarangense Nam Pheung Honey
Chrysophyllum caimito Star Apple
Pouteria campechiana Canistel
Pouteria caimito Radlk Abiu
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Pouteria camechiana - Canistel
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Pouteria caimito - Abiu
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Chrysophyllum caimito Star Apple
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Artocarpus heterophyllus Jack Fruit
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Tamarindus indica - Tamarind
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Syzygium samarengense Wax Apple
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Sequential cropping of vegetable crops
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Sequential cropping of vegetable crops
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Question
Can Vegetables Be More Productive Under
Tree-Based Systems?
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Answer
Of course, the answer is YES!
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Summary and Recommendations

• Can Vegetables Be More Productive Under Tree
  Based Systems?

Yes!
3 ways of improving economic viability of
vegetable agroforestry systems

• 1. Reduce competition between trees and
  vegetables (Y1) by
• - Using vegetables that have high adaptability
  indices, adapted
• to low light environment, at
  competition zone (up to 4.5m from tree
• line)
• - Using trees which are less competitive
• - Employing tree root pruning and root barrier
  (chili yield was
• significantly higher in with root barrier
  treatment)

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3 ways of improving economic viability of
vegetable agroforestry systems

• 2. Increase tree-vegetable complementarity (Y2)
• -Using vegetables with high complementarity
  response indices at complementarity zone (4.6
  15 m away from the tree line)
• - Employing appropriate pruning regime, leaving
  40- 60 of the tree canopy- favorable for both
  trees and crops
• - Using optimum tree lines/hedges spacing, 25-30
  meters apart and 3 meters between trees, having
  approximately 110- 130 trees per hectare
• 3. Use valuable trees (T)
• - Premium timber trees (indigenous species)
• - Adapted fruit trees (Taiwan)
• - Rubber trees

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Acknowledgement
This study was funded and supported by the
Sustainable Agriculture and Natural Resources
Management Collaborative Research Support
Program (SANREM-CRSP) under U.S. Agency for
International Development (USAID).
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TMPEGS VAF Collaborators

• Agustin Mercado, Jr. - World Agroforestry
  entre
• Caroline Duque World Agroforestry
  Centre
• Manuel Palada World Vegetable
  Centre
• Liwayway Engle - World Vegetable
  Centre
• Flordeliza Faustino - World Vegetable
  Centre
• Gregory Luther - World Vegetable
  Centre
• Gerhard Manurong - World Agroforestry
  Centre
• James Roshetko - World Agroforestry
  Centre
• Bambang Purwoko - Bogor Agricultural
  University
• Anas Susila - Bogor
  Agricultural University
• Try Van My - Nong Lam
  University, Vietnam
• Manuel Reyes - North Carolina AT
  State University

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Thank you for joining us!
SANREM CRSP VAF TMPEGS
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Photo by Mandy Lin