The Catholic/Counter Reformation

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The Catholic/Counter Reformation
Cory Ihnotic
Period 4

• - The aims, methods, and degree of success during
  the 16th century.

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What Are They?
The Catholic Reformation
The Counter Reformation
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(No Transcript)
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A. The Slowness of Institutional Reform
1. Pope Julius II
a. The Lateran Council called in 1512.
1. Called to establish peaceful relationships
among Christian rulers while also calling for
more vigorous military efforts against the Turks.
2. Pope Adrian VI
a. Told his legate to say that God permits the
persecution of Lutheranism.
b. His reign only lasted thirteen months.
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3. Pope Clement VII
a. The battle between France and the Emperor of
Rome for the domination of the Italian Peninsula.
1. Pope Clement VII. first backed the emperor but
then switched to help the french.
2. The emperor then allowed his soldiers to sack
rome and capture the pope in retaliation ending
the high renaissance.
Pope Adrian VI
Pope Clement VII
Pope Julius II
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B. The Council of Trent
1. Pope Paul III
a. After the death of Pope Clement VII, Cardinal
Alexander Farnese promised two cardinals that if
he was elected pope, he would summon a council.
b. He won, becoming Pope Paul III
1. Unlikely to undertake a serious reform.
2. However, he appointed reform-minded men as
cardinals, established the Inquisition in the
Papal States, and called a council.
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2. The Council of Trent
a. A meeting held at the imperial city of Trent
between 1545 to 1563.
b. It was called to reform the church and to
secure reconciliation with the Protestants.
c. The obstacles the council faced
1. Lutherans and Calvinists were invited but
impossible to reason with.
2. The French Kings worked against the
reconciliation of Roman Catholicism and
Lutheranism.
a. A division in religion meant a weakened
empire, and a weak and divided
empire meant a stronger France.
3. The conciliar theory of church government.
a. Some bishops wanted a concrete statement
securing the power of the church council over the
papacy.
b. Others wanted all acts of the council require
papal approval.
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d. The Accomplishments of The Council of Trent
1. Dealt with Doctrinal matters.
a. Gave equal validity to the Scriptures and to
tradition as sources of religious truth and
authority.
b. Reaffirmed the seven sacraments and the
Catholic teaching on transubstantiation. c.
Rejected Lutheran and Calvinists positions.
2. Dealt with Disciplinary matters. a.
Tridentine decrees 1. Required bishops to
reside in own dioceses.
2. Suppressed pluralism and simony. 3.
Forbade the sale of indulgences. b. Clerics had
to give up their concubines. c. The jurisdiction
of bishops over the clergy was certain and
the bishops were ordered to visit every religious
house of the dioceses at least once every two
years. d. For a marriage to be valid, the vows
had to be made publicly.
e. The council required each diocese to establish
a seminary for the education and training of a
clergy. 1. The professors of the seminaries
would determine if the clergy was
acceptable. 2. This prevented families from
being able to determine their sons and
daughters religious careers.
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3. The Outcome of the Council. a. Reconciliation
with protestantism was not achieved. b. The
reformation of the church did not come about
immediately. c. The Tridentine decrees laid a
solid basis for the spiritual renewal of the
church. 1. The doctrinal and disciplinary
legislations served as the basis for Roman
Catholic faith, organization, and practice for
four centuries.
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C. New Religious Order
1. The Purpose
a. To raise the moral and intellectual level of
the clergy and people.
2. Teresa of Avila
a. First women declared the Doctor of the
Church. 1. -a theologian of outstanding merit
and saintliness.
b. The four principles to guide the new
convent. 1. Poverty was to be fully observed,
which was symbolized by the nuns being
barefoot. 2. The convent must keep strict
enclosure. a. The visits of powerful
benefactors with material demands were
forbidden.
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3. Teresa intended an egalitarian atmosphere
where class distinction was forbidden. a. All
sisters (nuns) had to share the manual chores.
4. Teresa placed great emphasis on obedience,
especially to ones confessor.
c. Founded 14 houses of nuns. 1. Very difficult
due to the very sexist society.
d. The first author to describe the life of
prayer. 1. From meditation to a mystical union
of God.
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3. The Two Famous Orders
(Education was the major goal for each of the
orders.) 1. The Ursuline order of nuns.
(1539) a. Founded by Angela Merici. 1. Highly
respected the education of women. 2. Worked
among the poor, sick, and uneducated.
b. Established the order to end heresy through
Christian education. 1. The first religious
order concentrated on teaching the future
mothers and wives the Christian beliefs. 2. Very
difficult to get approved by papacy. 3. Official
recognition came in 1565. a. Rapidly spread all
throughout Europe and eventually to the new
world of North America
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2. The Society of Jesus. a. Founded by Ignatius
Loyola. 1. A former Spanish soldier. 2.
Studied the life of Christ while recuperating
from a severe battle wound in his leg a.
Through this, he became a soldier of christ.
b. Resisted the spread of Protestantism,
converted Asians and Latin Americans to
Catholicism, and spread Christian education all
throughout Europe. 1. Secured papal approval in
1540 2. Members were called Jesuits. a. Their
goal was to help souls b. Their tradition was
to be flexible and to be willing to respond to
time and circumstances. c. They were very
modern and attracted many recruits. d. They
achieved phenomenal success for the papacy and
the reformed Catholic church.
3. Candidates had to go through a two year
novitiate, rather then the traditional one.
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c. The success of The Society of Jesus. 1. The
Jesuits exerted great political influence. 2.
They carried Christianity to India and Japan all
before 1550. 3. Succeeded in bringing almost of
Europe back to Catholicism.
Ignatius Loyola
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D. The Congregation of the Holy Office
1. The Holy Office
a. Established by Pope Paul III b. Gave power
over the Roman Inquisition. 1. The Inquisition
was a group of six cardinals that had judicial
authority over all Catholics. 2. The
Inquisition was under the principles of the Roman
law
c. Published the Index of Prohibited Books. 1. A
catalogue of forbidden readings.
d. Successfully ended heresy within the Papal
States. e. Little influence to the rest of
Europe.
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The Holy Office