Catholic Reform

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Catholic Reform

• Counter-Reformation

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Review of Criticisms of the Church

• Temporal Punishment
• Must confess sins to a priest
• Need to undergo some punishment or task to make
  amends for the sins committed
• Examples good works feeding the hungry,
  caring for the sick
• If a sin is not expiated, you will spend time in
  purgatory
• allows temporal punishment to transfer to the
  afterlife
• Indulgences
• created by the church to collect money (late 13th
  century)
• paying someone else to do the good works demanded
  of you to expiate your sins
• in return get a receipt- (document) proof of the
  indulgence purchase
• approved by Clement VI (Avignon Papacy)
• simply- buying your way into heaven
• expanded with the invention of the printing press

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Criticisms

• Simony
• Sale Church offices, or positions.
• Many Italian cardinals bought there way into
  leadership positions within the R.C.C.
• Many gained control of lands they never visited.
• Nepotism
• The awarding of posts to relatives or friends.
• Pope Paul III made two of his grandsons cardinals.

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• Men are to be changed by, not to change,
  religion
• -superior general of the Hermits of St. Augustine
• Popes were unwilling to answer calls for early
  reform, for fear that their power would be
  stripped.

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The Religious Situation circa 1560
Lutheran Anglican Calvinist Anabaptist Roman
Catholic
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New Religious Orders

• New R.C.C. orders did develop to respond to calls
  for reform Who were they?
• Theatines (1524)-restore virtue and honor to the
  clergy.
• Capuchins (1528)-return to charitable ideals of
  St. Francis. Founded by Matteo de Bascio.
• Carmelites- Teresa of Avilia-new push for women
  to withdraw from society to reach true devotion.
• Ursulines (1535)-religious education for girls of
  all classes. Angela Merici.

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Ignatius of Loyola

• What is his story?
• Spiritual Exercises
• Designed to teach one absolute spiritual
  self-mastery over one's feelings.
• Through self-discipline and self-control you will
  accept , without question, church authority and
  spiritual direction.

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The Society of Jesus a.k.a the Jesuits

• A model of church organization, orthodoxy, and
  discipline.
• Goal was to help shape the will of the individual
  to help the church.
• Teach the teachers
• Key to bringing back Catholics in Austria,
  Bavaria, the Rhineland, Poland.
• Traveled throughout the world.
• Become known for education.
• 28 Jesuit colleges in the U.S.
• Marquette, St. Louis U., Boston College, Regis,
  Xavier, Gonzaga, Loyola (Chicago), Creighton

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Council of Trent

• Three sessions-
• 18 years, 4 Popes
• 1545-1563
• Dominated by Italians

• Reforms what were they?
• Curb selling of church offices
• Bishops sent to live in the dioceses
• Bishops must be visible, preach regularly, and
  visit dioceses.
• Parish priests required to dress better, be
  educated, strictly celibate, and active in
  parish.
• A Seminary established in each dioceses. (good
  for history)

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Reaffirmations

• Scholastic education of the clergy
• Role of Good works in salvation
• Authority of Tradition
• 7 Sacraments
• Transubstantiation
• Eucharistic cup for clergy only
• Clerical celibacy
• Realty of Purgatory
• Veneration of saints, relics, and sacred images
• Granting letters of indulgence (No longer SELLING
  them!)

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The Roman Inquisition

• Pope Paul III ordered the Inquisition in 1542.
• Initially designed to purge Protestants from
  Italy
• There were 3 Inquisitions
• Medieval 1231
• Spanish 1478
• Roman 1542

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The Roman Inquisition

• Pope Paul IV (Gian Pietro Carafaheaded the
  inquisition for Paul III)
• Censorship Forbidden books.
• Invented the ghetto, ordering Jews living in
  the Papal States to reside in specific
  neighborhoods, which they could leave only at
  certain times..
• Issued a bull in 1555 stating the Jews were to
  blame for the death of Jesus Christ, and
  therefore should be slaves.
• In most of Catholic Europe Jews had to wear
  yellow caps, could not own land, and were
  excluded from most professions.