A Comparison of the Effects of Foods of Various Glycemic Index on Academic Performance of Students 13 and 14 Years of Age

1
A Comparison of the Effects of Foods of Various
Glycemic Index on Academic Performance of
Students 13 and 14 Years of Age

• University of Texas at El Paso

2
Literature Review

• Government involvement in child nutrition
  programs since 1946, National School Lunch
  Program
• (Kennedy Cooney, 2001)
• Recently, introduction of No Child Left Behind,
  encouraged interest in enhancing academic
  performance

3
Literature Review

• Diet has been found to correlate to the academic
  success of student
• (Galal Huylett, 2003)

• Improved academic performance with proper
  nutrition
• (Glewwe, Jacoby, King, 2001)

4
Literature Review

• Benton Parker (1998) concluded that breakfast
  consumption positively influences tasks requiring
  memory
• -This is as a result of an increase in blood
  glucose
• Correlation found between a low glycemic meal and
  better cognitive processes in the morning
  (Benton, Ruffin, Lassel, Nabb, Messaoudi, Vinoy,
  Desor, Lang, 2003)

5
Major Definitions

• Glycemic index
• The rate at which carbohydrates are processed
  resulting in changes of blood glucose levels
  (Goscienski, 2003).
• Low glycemic index foods avoid the sudden
  increase in blood glucose levels (Goscienski,
  2003).

• A high glycemic food has a rating of 70 or more
• A low glycemic index food has a rating of 55 or
  less (www.glycemicindex.com, 2004).

6
Purpose Statement

• The purpose of this study is to compare the
  effects of foods, differing in glycemic index, on
  the academic performance of grade 7 and grade 8
  students in El Paso County, a school district
  that is mainly Hispanic.

7
Research Questions

• Does eating compared to fasting result in higher
  academic performance?
• Can a low or high glycemic food improve academic
  performance?
• Do foods of varying glycemic index result in
  differing academic performances?

8
Significance

• Optimal glycemic index level for School Breakfast
  Programs
• Optimal glycemic index level for improved
  academic performance

9
Hypothesis

• Low glycemic index foods consumption results in
  higher TAKS math exam scores

10
Major Variables

• Independent variable is foods of varying glycemic
  index levels
• Dependant variable is the resulting scores on the
  released versions of the TAKS math exams
• Control variable is the baseline score on the
  released version of the TAKS math exam score

11
Subjects

• 90 summer school students
• Grade 7 Grade 8 (12-15 years of age)
• Ysleta Independent School District, Alicia R
  Chacon Intermediate School
• Equal amount of both genders from all ethnicities
• Excluding diabetics, children with allergies,
  restricted diets

12
Instruments

• High Glycemic Index
• Cheerios (GI74 1 cup)
• white bread (GI73 1 slice)
• honey for the bread (GI72)
• cranberry juice cocktail (GI68 ½ cup)

• Low Glycemic Index
• All Bran cereal (GI38 1 cup)
• course wheat kernel bread (GI52 1 slice)
• orange marmalade for the bread (GI48)
• unsweetened apple Juice (GI40 ½ cup)

13
Procedure

• 1st Tuesday normal breakfast routine
• 800 am arrival
• One hour following consumption complete a
  released version of TAKS math exam
• Next 3 Tuesdays 3 groups
• Fasting
• High glycemic index food
• Low glycemic index food

14
Limitations

• Ages of the participants
• Academic performance in math
• Type of food
• Students attending summer school

15
Delimitations

• Participants who are late, absent, or withdraw
• Time of year set for the study during-July
• Vacation

16
Proposed Communication Method Data Analysis

• Journal of nutrition for publication
• Statistical Instrument - SPSS version 11.0
• Statistical Procedure
• Descriptives of Math Scores will calculated
• One way ANOVA with values of plt0.5 or greater
  confidence

17
Time Schedule

• December 1, 2004 IRB submissions
• University of Texas at El Paso
• Ysleta School District
• February 1, 2005 to June 15, 2005
• Participant screening
• July 5, 2005 to July 26
• Testing

18
Ethical Considerations

• Consent Forms
• Parent/Guardian signatures
• Subject number coding
• Kept in locked cabinet in Office
• Pre-participation Questionnaire
• Age, Grade, Math GPA
• Allergies, Medical Conditions, Medications
• Breakfast Routine

19
References

• Scientifically Based
• Ball, S.D., Keller, K.R., Moyer-Mileur, L.J.,
  Ding, Y., Donaldson, D., Jackson, W.D.
• (2003). Prolongation of satiety after low versus
  moderately high glycemic index
• meals in obese adolescents. Pediatrics, 111(3),
  488-495.
• Benton, D., Parker, P.Y. (1998). Breakfast,
  blood glucose, and cognition. American
• Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 67, 772-778.
• Benton, D., Ruffin, M., Lassel, T., Nabb, S.,
  Messaoudi, M., Vinoy, S., Desor, D.,
• Lang, V. (2003). The delivery rate of dietary
  carbohydrates affects cognitive performance in
  both rats and humans. Psychpharmacology, 166,
  86-90.
• Donohoe, R.T., Benton D. (1999). Cognitive
  functioning is susceptible to the level of
• blood glucose. Psychopharmacology, 145, 378-385.
• Glewwe, P., Jacoby, H. G., King, E. M. (2001).
  Early childhood nutrition and academic
  achievement a longitudinal analysis. Journal of
  Public Economics, 81,
• 345-368.
• Green, M.W., Elliman, N.A., Rogers, P.J.
  (1997). The effects of food deprivation and
• incentive motivation on blood glucose levels and
  cognitive function. Psychopharmacology, 134,
  88-94.
• Johnson-Down, L., OLoughlin, J., Koski, K.G.,
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• prevalence of obesity in low income and
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  activity assessment. Journal of Nutrition, 127,
  2310-2315.
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• united states. Journal of Nutrition, 131,
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• Kleinman, R. E., Hall, S., Green, H.,
  Korzec-Ramirez, D., Patton, K., Pagano, M. E.,

20
References

• Sunram-Lea, S.I., Foster, J.K., Durlach, P.,
  Perez, C. (2000). Glucose facilitation of
• cognitive performance in healthy young adults
  examination of the influence of fast-duration,
  time of day and pre-consumption plasma glucose
  levels. Psychpharmacology, 157, 46-54.
• Warren, J. M., Henry, J. K., Simonite, V.
  (2003). Low glycemic index breakfast and
• reduced food intake in preadolescent children.
  Pediatrics, 112, 414-420.
• Worobey, J., Worobey, H. S. (1999). The impact
  of a two-year school breakfast
• program for preschool-aged children on their
  nutrient intake and pre-academic
• performance. Child Study Journal, 29, 113-131.
• Non-Scientifically Based
• Galal, O., Hulett, J. (2003). The relationship
  between nutrition and childrens
• educational performance a focus on the United
  Arab Emirates. British Nutrition
• Foundation Nutrition Bulletin, 28, 11-20.
• Goscienski, P. (2003). The Low-down on glycemic
  index. The Saturday Evening Post,
• 40-41.
• Natale, Jo Anna. (2000). Free for all. Teacher
  Magazine, 12(3), 7-9.
• Stordy, J. (2002). Fatty acids for learning
  problems Could learning disabilities in
• children be related to their diet? Dr Jackie
  Stordy examines a possible link. (pp.
• 65). Haymarket Business Publications Ltd.
• Ysleta Independent School District Compensatory
  Education Department. (2003).
• Summer Program 03, Planning Manual.