Bio-Molecules

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Bio-MoleculesOrganic compounds containing Carbon
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Bio-Molecules (4 organic compounds necessary for
life)

• Carbohydrates (sugars starches)
• Proteins
• Lipids (fats oils)
• Nucleic Acids (DNA RNA)

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Carbohydrates(Sugars Starches)

• Organic compounds with a 21 ratio between
  Hydrogen and Oxygen. (CH2O)n
• Mono saccharides (simple sugars) C6H12O6
  glucose, deoxyribose, and ribose sugar
• glucosefructosegalactose isomers
• Disaccharides (double sugars) C12H22O11 sucrose
  and lactose
• Polysaccharides (complex sugars) (C6H10O5)n
  starch, cellulose, chitin, and glycogen

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Carbohydrate Functions

• Quick energy foods. 1 gram contains 4 Calories
  (kcal) of energy.(glucose, sucrose, and fructose)
• Storage (starch, glycogen, and pectin)
• Structure ( cellulose and chitin)

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Protein

• Proteins are organic compounds made up of smaller
  units called amino acids.
• Each amino acid contains an NH2 or amino group
  and a COOH or carboxyl group or carboxylic acid

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Protein Functions

• Movement Makes up muscle tissue (actin and
  myosin).
• Transport Carries oxygen in organisms
  (hemoglobin).
• Immunity Helps fight off foreign invaders
• (antibodies).
• Enzymes Speed up chemical reactions (amylase and
  trypsin).
• Energy source (1 gram 4 kcal of energy).

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Protein Synthesis
Protein Synthesis DNA? Protein Protein
Synthesis Transcription Translation Transcrip
tion DNA? RNA Translation RNA?Protein
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Lipids

• A group of hydro phobic (nonpolar) fatty acids
  that contain very little oxygen.
• Examples Fats, Oils, Steroids, Cholesterol, and
  Wax.
• They are found surrounding internal organs, in
  each cell membrane, and clogging arteries and
  veins.

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Main Types of Fats

• Saturated No double bonds between the carbons
  (maximum Hs)
• Solid at room temperature
• Found mostly in animals.

• Unsaturated Double bonds between some of the
  carbons (can fit more Hs)
• Liquid at room temperature
• Found mostly in plants

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Lipid Functions

• High Energy food. 1 gram contains 9 Kcal of
  energy.
• Protects vital organs
• Insulates the body
• Stores food for later use

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Nucleic Acids

• These are chemical compounds made up of smaller
  units called nucleotides.
• Examples are DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA
  (Ribonucleic acid) and ATP (Adenosinetriphosphate)
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Nucleic Acid Comparison

• RNA
• Single strand
• Contains the bases A, U, C, G
• Carries the code for a protein, and transfers
  amino acids to the ribosomes.

• DNA
• Double Helix ( twisted ladder)
• Contains the bases A, T, C, G
• Contains the code for the bodies proteins

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How Organic Compounds are Formed and Destroyed

• De hydration Synthesis
• Hydro lysis

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Dehydration Synthesis

• The combination of two mono mers (building
  blocks) using enzymes and losing water.

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Hydrolysis

• The process of breaking down a polymer (large
  organic molecule) into its sub units using
  enzymes and water.

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Peptide Bond

• A peptide bond is the covalent (shared) bond
  between the C of the carboxyl group of one amino
  acid and the N of an amino group of another amino
  acid

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Peptide Bond Formation (hydrolysis or dehydration
synthesis?)
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What is this process?
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What is this process?
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Monomer Polymer Examples Functions
Fatty Acids Lipids Fats, waxes, oils, steroids, cholesterol Store E
Mono-sacchrides Carbo-hydrates Sugar, chitin, starches, cellulose, Store E Structural
Amino Acid Proteins Enzymes, hormones EVERY-THING
Nucleotides Nucleic Acids ATP, DNA, RNA Energy Carry genetic info
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Resources
How Enzymes Work