Shelly Cashman Series Discovering Computers 2002

1
TEKNOLOGI KOLABORATIF
2
Outline

• Komunikasi Jaringan
• Komunikasi dan kolaborasi
• Alat pendukung kolaborasi workflow ke
  groupware.
• Telecommuting dan e-learning.

3
Komunikasi

• Apakah Komunikasi Komputer?

• Proses dimana dua atau beberapa komputerbatau
  perangkat memindahkan data, perintah, dan
  informasi.

4
Penggunaan Teknologi Komunikasi

• Voice mail
• Fax
• E-mail
• Chatroom
• Instant Message
• FTP

• Newsgroup
• Telephony
• Videoconference
• Groupware
• Global Positioning System (GPS)

5
Jaringan

• Apakah Jaringan?

• Sekumpulan komputer dan perangkat yg saling
  berhubungan melalui perangkat komunikasi dan
  media transmisi.
• Fasilitas komunikasi antar user
• Berbagi sumber daya dengan pengguna lainya.

6
Jaringan

• Apakah local area network (LAN)?

• Jaringan yg menghubungkan beberapa komputer
  diwilayah yg geografisnya terbatas, seperti
  rumah, laboratorium, dan kantor yg berdekatan.
• Menggunakan protokol ethernet.

7
Jaringan

• Apakah network operating system?

• The system software that organizes and
  coordinates the activities on LAN
• Also called a network OS or NOS

8
Networks

• What are servers and clients?

• Server
• Controls access to the hardware and software on
  the network
• Provides a centralized storage are for programs
• Dedicated servers perform a specific task
• Clients
• Other computers on the network
• Rely on the server for resources

9
Jaringan

• Apakah topologi Jaringan?

• Konfigurasi komputer dan perangkatnya dalam
  jaringan komunikasi.
• Umumnya topologi yg paling banyak digunakan ada 3
  Bus, Ring dan Star

10
Jaringan

• Topologi Bus?

• Terdiri atas kabel pusat tunggal , dimana seluruh
  komputer dan perangkatnya saling berhubungan.
• Bus adalah bentuk fisikalnya
• Bus juga disebut backbone
• Murah dan mudah di install

personal computer
personal computer
personal computer
personal computer
personal computer
11
Networks

• Topologi Ring?

• A cable forms a closed ring, or loop, with all
  computers and devices arranged along the ring
• Data travels from device to device around the
  entire ring

12
Jaringan

• Topologi Star?

• All of the devices connect to a central
  computer/hub
• All data that transfers from one computer to
  another passes through the hub

personal computer
personal computer
personal computer
host computer
personal computer
printer
file server
13
The Telephone Network

• What is a dial-up line?

• A temporary connection that uses one or more
  analog telephone lines for communications
• A modem at the sending end dials the telephone
  number of a modem at the receiving end

14
The Telephone Network

• What is a dedicated line?

• A connection that always is established between
  two communications devices
• The quality and consistency of the connection is
  better because dedicated lines provide a
  consistent connection

15
Communications Devices

• What is a modem?

• A communications device that converts a
  computer's digital signals to analog signals
  before they are transmitted over standard
  telephone lines
• Sometimes called a dial-up modem

16
Communications Devices

• What is a digital modem?

• One that sends and receives data and information
  to and from a digital telephone line such as ISDN
  or DSL

17
Communications Devices

• What is a cable modem?

• A modem that sends and receives data over the
  cable television (CATV) network
• Currently much faster than a dial-up modem or
  ISDN
• Usually attaches to a USB port or a port on a
  network interface card

18
Communications Devices

• What is a network interface card (NIC)?

• A card you insert into an expansion slot of a
  personal computer or other device, enabling the
  device to connect to a network

NIC for desktop computer
NIC for notebook computer
19
Physical Transmission Media

• What is twisted-pair cable?

• Consists of one or more twisted pair wires
  bundled together
• Each twisted pairwire consists of two separate
  insulated copper wires
• Twisted together to reduce noise
• Noise is an electrical disturbance that can
  degrade communications

20
Physical Transmission Media

• What is coaxial cable?

• Consists of a single copper wire surrounded by at
  least three layers
• Often called coax
• Often used for cable television wiring

21
Physical Transmission Media

• What is fiber-optic cable?

• Contains a core of dozens or hundreds of thin
  strands of glass or plastic
• Uses light to transmit signals
• Each strand is called an optical fiber
• Thin as a human hair

22
Wireless Transmission Media

• What is broadcast radio?

• A wireless transmission medium that distributes
  radio signals through the air over long distances
  such as between cities, regions, and countries
  and short distances such as within an office or
  home
• Slower and more susceptible to noise than
  physical transmission media

23
Wireless Transmission Media

• What is cellular radio?

• A form of broadcast radio that is used widely for
  mobile communications, specifically wireless
  modems and cellular telephones
• A cellular telephoneis a telephone device that
  uses radio signals to transmit voice and
  digital data messages

mobile telephone switching office (MTSO)
calling party in auto
cell
public switched telephone network
cell
cell
base station (microwave station)
cell
called party
24
Dukungan Jaringan terhadap Proses Komunikasi

• Tanpa komunikasi, tidak ada kerjasama /kolaburasi
• Teknologi Informasi modern, terutama via web,
  menyediakan peralatan murah, kapabel dan andal.
• Kelompok kelompok butuh tidak hanya komunikasi
  tetapi Informasi dan Knowledge.

25
Kerangka Waktu/tempat komunikasi

• Efektifitas suatu teknologi komputasi kolaboratif
  tergantung kepada
• Waktu
• Transmisi synchronous atau asynchronous dari
  Informasi
• Tempat
• Lokasi dari Partisipan

26
Groupware

• Software yang menyediakan dukungan kolaboratif
  bagi kelompok.
• Aplikasi yang mendukung waktu/tempat yang
  berbeda
• Paling banyak menggunakan Teknologi Internet
• Memiliki kemampuan sedikitnya salah satu dari
  berikut
• Electronic brainstorming
• Free flow of ideas and comments
• Electronic conferencing or videoconferencing
• Group scheduling and calendars
• Conflict resolution
• Model building
• Electronic document sharing
• Voting services
• Electronic meeting services also available
• Enterprise-wide systems expensive in cost and
  human resources

27
Groupware yang populer

• Lotus Notes / Domino
• Microsoft Netmeeting
• Groove Workspace
• Group Systems Meeting Room and OnLine
• WebEx

28
Keuntungan dan Masalah

• Keuntungan dari kerja kelompok (groupwork)
• Process gains
• Teknik Kelompok Nominal
• Metode Delphi
• Teknologi yang diaplikasikan sebagai GSS
• Kombinasi Hardware and software untuk
  meningkatkan groupwork
• Komputasi kolaburorasi
• Masalah-masalah dalam kerja kelompok (groupwork)
• Process losses
• Tidak efisien

29
GSS

• Common group activities with computer assistance.
• Perolehan kembali informasi (Information
  retrieval)
• Berbagi Informasi
• Paralelisme
• Anonimitas
• Penggunaan Informasi
• Dukungan Partisipan
• Meningkatkan productifitas dan Efektifitas dari
  pertemuan-pertemuan
• Pengambilan keputusan yang lebih efisien
• Meningkatkan efektifitas dari keputusan

30
Teknologi GSS

• Ruag keputusan bertujuan khusus
• Electronic meeting rooms
• Software operates across LAN
• Allowed for face-to-face meetings
• Trained facilitator coordinates meeting
• Group leader structures meeting with facilitator
• Fasilitas Multiguna
• General purpose computer lab
• Effective way to lower costs
• Trained facilitator coordinates meeting
• Group leader structures meeting with facilitator
• Groupware berbasi web dengan Client
• Anytime/anyplace meetings with deadlines
  established
• Software bought or leased
• No facility costs
• Flexible

31
(No Transcript)
32
GSS Meeting Process

• Group leader meets with facilitator to plan
  meeting structure.
• Participants meet on computers.
• Group leader or facilitator poses question.
• Participants brainstorm by entering comments into
  computer.
• Facilitator employs idea organization software to
  sort comments into common themes.
• Results are displayed.
• Facilitator or group leader leads discussion.
• Themes are prioritized.
• Highest priority topics are either sent through
  the process again for further discussion or a
  vote is taken.

33
Proses pertemuan GSS

• Proses Standar
• Exploratory idea generation
• Idea organization tool
• Prioritization
• New idea generation
• Selection of final idea
• Success based upon effectiveness, reduction in
  costs, better decisions, increased productivity

34
GSS dan Belajar Jarak Jauh

• Classroom collaborative computing advantages
• Brainstorming, chat, discussion boards
• Distribution of information, lectures
• Publishes to course site
• Videoconferenced
• Consistent materials
• Textbooks can be bound or electronic
• E-mails and listservs
• One-on-one interaction
• Allows for global classrooms
• Anytime/anyplace with fixed deadlines
• Flexible time frame
• Doesnt interfere with work shift
• Low delivery costs with large audiences

35
GSS dan Belajar Jarak Jauh ( Lanjutan )

• Disadvantages
• Fewer social interactions
• Communication problems
• Students must be self-starters and highly
  disciplined
• Classes require major technical and
  administrative support
• Technical infrastructure must be reliable
• Courses may need to be redesigned for online
• Special training
• Corporate training online
• Allows anytime/anyplace training
• Lowers costs
• Decreases time away from jobs
• Shortens learning process
• Delivered via Intranet, intranets, extranets,
  audio and video conferencing

36
Sistem Pendukung Kreatifitas

• Kreatifitas
• Fundamental human trait
• Level of achievement
• Can be learned
• Organizations recognize value in innovation
• Stimulated by electronic brainstorming software
• Free flow idea generation
• Creative computer programs
• Smartbots function as facilitators
• Identify analogies in letter patterns
• Draw art
• Write poems
• Computer programs stimulate human productivity