The Muslim World, 622-1629

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The Muslim World, 622-1629

• Chapter 11

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I. Rise of Islam
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A. Muhammad Became the Prophet of Islam

1. said he heard the angel Gabriel calling him to be
   the messenger of God.
2. devoted his life to spreading Islam.
3. made a journey from Mecca to Medina.
4. returned to Mecca and worked to unite Arabs under
   Islam.

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B. The Teachings of Islam

• 1. Islam arose in the Arabian Peninsula and
  became one of the worlds major religions.
• 2. Islam is monotheistic, based on the belief in
  one God.
• 3. Muslims believe that the Quran contains the
  sacred word of God and is the final authority on
  all matters.
• 4. All Muslims accept five duties, known as the
  Five Pillars of Islam
• a. faith
• b. daily prayer
• c. charity
• d. fasting during Ramadan
• e. hajj, or pilgrimage to Mecca

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C. Islam as a Way of Life

1. The Islamic system of law, called Sharia,
   regulated moral conduct, family life, business
   practices, government, and other aspects of a
   Muslim community.
2. Unlike the law codes that evolved in the West,
   the Sharia does not separate religious matters
   from criminal or civil law.

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II. Islam Spreads
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A. An Age of Conquests
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1. Muhammad dies in 632.
2. Arab armies under the first four caliphs conquer
   great chunks of the Persian and Byzantine empires.

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B. Muslims Conquer Many Lands?

1. The Byzantine and Persian empires were weak from
   years of fighting each other.
2. People in the Fertile Crescent welcomed Arab
   conquerors as liberators.
3. The Arabs used bold, efficient fighting methods,
   which overwhelmed traditional armies.
4. The common faith of Islam united a patchwork of
   tribes into a determined, unified state.

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C. Spread of Islam Effects

• Immediate Effects
• a. Islam spreads from the Atlantic coast to the
  Indus Valley
• b. Centers of learning flourish in Cairo,
  Córdoba, and elsewhere

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• 2. Long-Term Effects
• a. Muslim civilization emerges
• b. Linking of Europe, Asia, and Africa through
  Muslim trade network
• c. Arabic becomes shared language of Muslims
• d. Split between Sunni and Shiites

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D. Movements Within Islam

• 1. SUNNI
• a. Believed caliph, or successor to Muhammad,
  should be chosen by leaders of the Muslim
  community.
• b. Viewed caliph as a leader, not as a religious
  authority.

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D. Movements Within Islam

• 2. SHIITES
• a. Believed that only descendents of Muhammad
  could become caliph.
• b. Believed descendents of Muhammad to be
  divinely inspired.
• 3. SUFI
• a. Sought to communicate with God through
  meditation, fasting, and other rituals.

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E. The Umayyads and the Abbassids

• 1. UMAYYADS
• a. Set up dynasty that ruled until 750
• b. Conquered lands from Atlantic to the Indus
  Valley
• c. Relied on local officials to govern the empire
• d. Faced economic tensions between wealthy and
  poor Arabs

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• 2. ABBASSIDS
• a. Overthrew the Umayyads in 750
• b. Ended Arab dominance and helped make Islam a
  universal religion
• c. Empire of the caliphs reached its greatest
  wealth and power
• d. Muslim civilization enjoyed a golden age

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F. Decline of the Muslim Empire

• 1. Despite the decline of the empire, Islam
  continued to link diverse people across an
  enormous area.
• 2. Around 850, the caliphs became unable to
  maintain centralized control, and the empire
  fragmented.
• 3. In the 900s, Seljuk Turks invaded the Middle
  East and built a large empire in the Fertile
  Crescent.
• 4. In the 1200s and 1300s, Mongol invaders
  dominated the Middle East.

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III. Golden Age of Muslim Civilization
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A. Muslim Society

1. Muslim rulers united people from diverse
   cultures. As a result, Muslim civilization
   absorbed and blended many traditions.
2. The class distinction between Arabs and non-Arabs
   faded over time.
3. People enjoyed a certain degree of social
   mobility, the ability to move up in social class.
   
4. Slavery was a common institution.

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B. The Muslim Economy

1. Between 750 and 1360, merchants built a vast
   trading network across the Muslim world and
   beyond.
2. New business practices were established, such as
   partnerships, credit, banks, and bank checks.
3. Handicraft manufacturing in cities was organized
   by guilds.
4. Outside the cities, agriculture flourished.

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C. Influences on Art and Literature

• Muslim art and literature was influenced by all
  of the following
• a. Islamic religion
• b. Skills and styles of Greeks, Romans, Persians,
  Indians, and other peoples with whom they came in
  contact
• c. Traditions of the many people living under
  Muslim rule

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D. Muslim Advances in Learning

• 1. PHILOSOPHY
• a. Scholars tried to harmonize Greek ideas of
  reason with religious teachings of Islam.
• b. Ibn Khaldun set standards for scientific study
  of history.
• 2. MATHEMATICS
• a. Scholars studied Indian and Greek mathematics.
  
• b. Al-Khwarizmi pioneered the study of algebra
  and wrote mathematics textbook that became
  standard in Europe.

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• 3. ASTRONOMY
• a. Al-Khwarizmi developed astronomical tables.
• b. Astronomers calculated circumference of the
  Earth.
• 4. MEDICINE
• a. Government set up hospitals with emergency
  rooms.
• b. Muhammad al-Razi studied measles and smallpox.
• c. Ibn Sina wrote a medical encyclopedia.
• d. Surgeons developed treatment for cataracts.

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IV. Muslims in India
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A. The Delhi Sultanate

• In the 1100s, Muslim invaders entered northern
  India and organized a sultanate, or land ruled by
  a sultan.
• a. Sultans introduced Muslim traditions of
  government to India.
• b. Many Turks, Persians, and Arabs migrated to
  India to serve as soldiers or officials.
• c. Trade between India and the Muslim world
  increased.
• d. During the Mongol raids, many scholars fled
  from Baghdad to India, bringing Persian and Greek
  learning.

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B. Akbar the Great

• During his long reign, Akbar strengthened Mughal
  India. Akbar accomplished the following
• a. Implemented policy of religious toleration
• b. Employed paid officials, instead of hereditary
  officeholders
• c. Modernized the army
• d. Encouraged international trade
• e. Standardized weights and measures
• f. Introduced land reforms

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V. The Ottoman and Safavid Empires
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A. Gunpowder Empires

1. While the Mughals ruled India, the Ottomans and
   the Safavids dominated the Middle East and parts
   of Eastern Europe.
2. All three owed much of their success to new
   military technology, such as cannons and muskets.
   
3. As a result, the period from about 1450 to 1650
   is sometimes called the age of gunpowder
   empires.

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B. The Ottoman Empire Under Suleiman

• 1. GOVERNMENT
• a. Suleiman had absolute power.
• b. Ottoman law was based on Sharia.
• c. The Ottomans recruited government and
  military officers from conquered people.

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• 2. SOCIETY
• a. Society was divided into four classes, with
  men of the pen and men of the sword at the
  top.
• b. Non-Muslims were organized into millets, or
  religious communities.
• 3. ARTS
• a. Poets produced works in the Turkish language.
• b. Painters produced detailed miniatures and
  illuminated manuscripts.
• c. The royal architect Sinan designed magnificent
  mosques and palaces.

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C. Abbas the Great

• The most outstanding Safavid shah, or king, Abbas
  the Great revived the glory of ancient Persia.
  During his reign, he
• a. centralized government
• b. created a powerful military force
• c. strengthened the economy
• d. tolerated non-Muslims and valued their
  economic contributions
• e. used a mixture of force and diplomacy against
  the Ottomans
• f. forged alliances with European states
• g. built a magnificent new capital at Isfahan
• h. supported the growth of Persian culture