Organic/BioChemistry

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Organic/BioChemistry
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Inorganic vs. Organic
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Inorganic chemistry

• compound which usually does not contain carbon
  AND hydrogen
• Ex. O3, NaCl, H2O, CO2

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Inorganic Chemistry

• Compounds that do not need to contain
• Carbon C
• AND
• Hydrogen H

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Biochemical Compounds

• A.K.A Organic chemistry
• compounds usually found in Living or once living
  organisms
• contains both Carbon and Hydrogen
• other elements found in living things are C, H,
  O, N, Phosphorous
• Carbon element of LIFE

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Carbon The element of LIFE
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Biochemical Compounds

• Types of Organic Compounds
• found in all living things include
• Carbohydrates
• Lipids
• ProteiNs
• Nucleic Acids

KNOW THESE!!!
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Organic Chemistry

• Organic Compounds (Carbs, lipids, Nucleic Acids,
  and Proteins) are chemically bonded together or
  broken down by
• Dehydration Synthesis
• Hydrolysis

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Dehydration Synthesis

• process of joining (bonding) molecules to form
  large molecules called MACROMOLECULES
• macromolecules are formed by REMOVING WATER!!
• Hence the name dehydration
• as in dehydrate ?

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Hydrolysis

• process of breaking down macromolecules into
  smaller molecules called MONOMERS
• smaller molecules are formed by ADDING WATER!

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PROCESS STARTS WITH ... ENDS WITH ... Ex.
dehydration synthesis small molecules (monomers) large molecules water (macro-molecules)  growth
hydrolysis water macromolecules small molecules  (monomers) digestion
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(No Transcript)
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• dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis

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Organic Compounds ContCarbohydrates

• Made of the elements Carbon, Hydrogen Oxygen
• Usually the Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen have a
  121 ratio
• Used in organisms for quick energy

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Carbohydrate

• a. Monosaccharide
• simple sugar (1- ring)
• ose ending sugar
• ex. Fructose, glucose

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Carbohydrate- Monosaccharide
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Carbohydrates

• b. Disaccharide
• 2 simple sugars are chemically bonded together
• ex. Sucrose, lactose

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Carbohydrate- Disaccharide
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Carbohydrates

• C. Polysaccharide
• many sugars chemically bonded together
• form long chains polymers
• are macromolecules (lg molecules)
• ex. Starches, Chitin, and cellulose (found in
  fruits and veggies)

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Carbohydrate- Polysaccharide
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3
1
2
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Elements Present Used by organisms for ... Building Blocks (Monomers) Related Terms Info
carbon hydrogen oxygen CHO 121 always! Quick energy monosaccharide (simple sugars) ex glucose Disaccharide 2 connected monosaccharide (ex maltose) Polysaccharide3 or more connected monosaccharide (ex starch, glycogen, chitin, cellulose)
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Organic Compounds cont.Lipids

• Fats, cholesterol, waxes, oils
• Lipids H2O?3 fatty acids glycerol
• H to O ratio is much greater than 21
• Do not EMULSIFY - break apart in H2O
• Used as Stored energy in organisms

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3 Fatty Acids and a Glycerol
1 2 3
G L Y C E R O L
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Lipids

• 2 classifications of fats
• Saturated fats
• Unsaturated fats (which includes polyunsaturated
  fats)

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Lipids

• Saturated fats
• solid at room temperature
• linked to cardiovascular disease
• have many H-C bonds

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Lipids

• Unsaturated fats
• not solids at room temp
• not associated with cardiovascular disease
• have 1 or more double C-C bonds
• polyunsaturated fats have more than 1 double or
  triple C-C bond

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Elements Present Used by Organisms for ... Related Terms Info
Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen ONLY ! There is no specific HO ratio. Stored Energy Structure  (important part of cell membranes) saturated fat C-C bonds are all single bonds unsaturated fat contain at least one double or triple C-C bond
Building Blocks of Lipids 3 Fatty Acids 1 glycerol 3 Fatty Acids 1 glycerol
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STOP!!! CK POINT

• Topic chemistry of life
• What elements are found in carbohydrates and
  lipids?
• Explain 2 differences between carbohydrates and
  lipids.
• Describe the function for each?
• How are monomers bonded together? Broken apart?

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Organic Compounds NUCLEIC ACIDS DNA RNA

• We will save the nitty, gritty details of DNA
  RNA for later in the year (Genetics).  But for
  now, you should know there functions basic
  structure, and how DNA compares to RNA.

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DNA RNA

• DNA RNA are polymers (many units) --- long
  chains of smaller repeating units. 
• The repeating unit (monomers) in nucleic acids is
  called a nucleotide.

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nucleotide remember this !
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nucleotide

• A phosphate group
• The carbohydrate (see the ring?)
• A nitrogen base
• Adenine
• Thymine
• Guanine
• Cytosine

What elements make up a nucleotide?
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Repeating Units of Nucleotides

• Nucleotide
• Nucleotide

How many nucleotides are in the nucleic acid
above?
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Nucleic Acid DNA
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Nucleic Acid RNA
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Nucleic Acids  DNA RNA
FULL NAME Deoxyribonucleic acid Ribonucleic acid
 BASIC STRUCTURE 2 long twisting strands of nucleotides in the form of a "double helix" 1 single strand of nucleotides
NUCLEOTIDE SUGAR Deoxyribose Ribose
NITROGENOUS BASES guanine (G) cytosine (C) adenine (A) thymine (T) guanine (G) cytosine (C) adenine (A) uracil (U)
LOCATION IN A CELL nucleus  (the chromosomes) nucleus, in the cytoplasm, at the ribosomes
FUNCTION the hereditary material  of a cell, directs controls cell activities involved in protein synthesis
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Organic Compounds ProteiNs'

• Contain the elements Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen
  and Nitrogen
• take the shape of coils, helixes and globules
• ex. Collagen, hormones, muscle tissue, enzymes,
  Hemoglobin

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Structure of ProteiNs
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ProteiNs

• Made up of basic building blocks MONOMERS called
• AMINO ACIDS!!!!

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Amino Acids

• are the structural units (monomers) of protein
• bond together to form proteins
• The bond between amino acids are called
• Peptide bonds

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Amino Acids

• The order/sequence and size of amino acid
  determines the protein made
• 2 amino acids bonded together dipeptide
• amino acids form long chains called a polypeptide
  chains

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Elements Present Used by organisms for ... Related Terms Info
carbon hydrogen oxygen NITROGEN (sometimes Sulfur)   muscles enzymes antibodies hormones Pigments Hemoglobin peptide bond the bond that holds amino acids together in protein molecules dipeptide 2 connected amino acids polypeptide 3 or more connected amino acids  
monomersof Proteins AMINO ACIDS!!! AMINO ACIDS!!!
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STOP!!! CK POINT

• Topic NA and ProteiNs
• What are 2 types of Nucleic Acids?
• What is the monomer of a nucleic acid?
• Describe the primary functions of nucleic acids.
• Identify elements found in ProteiNs.
• What is the monomer for ProteiNs?

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Group Activity

• Group leaders to get a marker
• As a group, and when instructed, you will go to a
  poster in a designated area in the room
• When the timer begins WRITE 1 ACCURATE FACT
• Wait until instructed, move to the next poster.
• As you move to each poster, read each statement
  then add an additional fact

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Enzymes

• Are forms of protein!!!!!!!!!!!!!
• Usually end in ASE
• Are not changed during a chemical rxn (a
  substance affects a reaction w/o being changed is
  called a CATALYST)

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Enzymes

• Are organic catalysts
• Control the rate of rxn within cells
• Catalysts allow rxns to occur at a faster rate
• Are used over and over
• For each chem. rxn, there is a specific enzyme to
  initiate the rxn

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HOW ENZYMES WORK

• Substrate-
• the substance the enzyme acts upon
  
• Enzyme Active-
• the region on the enzyme
• Substrate and Enzyme active site are specific to
  each other.
• The substrate fits the enzyme active site like a
  puzzle called enzyme-substrate complex

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HOW ENZYMES WORK

• When the enzyme and substrate come together
• The enzyme
• may cause 2 molecules to join together
• may cause bonds to break

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Enzyme-Substrate Complex
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Enzyme-Substrate Complex
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Factors Affecting Enzyme Action

• Concentration and surface area
• Temperature
• pH
• Co-enzymes

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Factors Affecting Enzyme Action

• Concentration determine rxn rates. Sometimes
  adding more concentration has little or no effect

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• Temperature slowly raising the temp.
• increases rate. However, at higher temps.,
• the enzyme can breakdown called
• Denaturation

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• temp and enzymes

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• pH level specific to the enzyme stomach acidic,
  intestines slightly basic

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• Presence of coenzymes (vitamins) allows an enzyme
  to perform

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Carbon Compounds

• 4 groups of carbon compounds found in living
  things are carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids,
  and protein.
• Living things use carbohydrates as their main
  source of energy. Plants and some animals also
  use carbohydrates for structural purposes.
• Lipids can be used to store energy. Some lipids
  are important parts of cell membranes and
  waterproofing.
• Nucleic acids store and transmit hereditary, or
  genetic, information.
• Proteins
• control the rate of reactions and regulate cell
  processes.
• build tissues such as bone and muscle. Others
  transport materials or help to fight disease.

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Chemical Reactions and Enzymes

• Chemical rxns always involve the breaking of
  bonds in reactants and the formation of new bonds
  in products.
• Cells use enzymes to speed up chemical reactions
  that take place in cells.