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AS paper 3

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Title: AS paper 3


1
AS paper 3 Social Influence
2
Minority
Majority
Social Influence
Methodology
Validity
Ethics
Obedience
3
Objectives
  • Demonstrate understanding of social influence
  • Describe ways of influencing people

4
When are people influenced?
5
Examples
  • School
  • Music
  • Clothes
  • Friends
  • Family
  • Laws

6
Mind-map
  • Mind-map on big paper examples of being
    influenced by others
  • No Words!!

7
Lets share our mind-maps
8
Extension Task
  • Observe and keep a record of all the ways you are
    influenced by others before the next lesson

9
Objectives
  • Demonstrate understanding of social influence
  • Describe ways of influencing people

10
AS paper 3 Social Influence
11
Minority
Majority
Social Influence
Methodology
Validity
Ethics
Obedience
12
Objectives
  • To state the definitions of social influence and
    majority influence/conformity.
  • To state the explanations of majority influence.
  • To state the types of majority influence.
  • To state the factors that influence conformity.

13
Are you Majority or Minority??
14
Our Influences
  • Lets share how we were influenced

15
Social Influence
  • The study of how the thoughts, feelings and
    behaviour of individuals are influenced by the
    actual, imagined or implied presence of others.

16
Fill in the blanks!
  • Conformity
  • Social Influence
  • Belong
  • Group Pressure
  • Norms

17
Majority Influence
  • When people adopt the behaviour, attitude or
    values of the majority (dominant or largest
    group) after being exposed to their values or
    behaviour

18
Explanations of Conformity
  • Normative Conformity occurs because the
    individual wants to fit in and be liked with
    other members of the group.
  • Opinion changes publicly but not privately
  • Informational Conformity occurs because the
    individual wants to be right and relies on
    superior knowledge of others
  • Opinion changes publicly and privately

19
Types of Conformity
Conformity
Compliance
Identification
Internalisation
20
Compliance
  • Changes your behaviour but not your mind
  • Opinion changes publicly but not privately
  • Individual does not necessarily agree with the
    majority
  • Compliance disappears in the absence of group
    pressure

21
Identification
  • Change your behaviour to fit in with the group
  • Social Roles e.g. Nurses, Football fans
  • Opinion changes privately but not publicly.
  • Identification decreases in the absence of group
    pressure.

22
Internalisation
  • Changes your mind and your behaviour
  • Opinion changes publicly and privately because
    the individual already sympathises with opinion
  • Change is genuine and permanent
  • Continues even in the absence of group pressure.

23
Factors that influence Conformity
  • Culture
  • Individualist Individual is key and is
    therefore the culture is non-conformist
  • Collectivist Emphasise group needs and group
    identity and so encourage conformity.

24
Factors that influence Conformity
  • History
  • Communism implied the need for conformity
  • Liberalisation in 1970s onward increased the
    sense of individual choice

25
Asch (1956)
26
APFCC
  • Read the summary of Asch in the activity book
  • Complete the APFCC in your own words.

27
Describe to your neighbour
  • Take it in turns
  • Aims
  • Procedures
  • Findings
  • Conclusions
  • Criticisms

28
Extension Task
  • Explain what is meant by the terms majority
    influence and social influence (33)
  • State
  • Explain
  • Example

29
Objectives
  • To state the definitions of social influence and
    majority influence/conformity.
  • To state the explanations of majority influence.
  • To state the types of majority influence.
  • To state the factors that influence conformity.

30
AS paper 3 Social Influence
31
Minority
Majority
Social Influence
Methodology
Validity
Ethics
Obedience
32
Objectives
  • To state the definitions of minority influence
  • To state the explanations of minority influence.
  • To state the differences between minority and
    majority influence

33
Sharing AO1
  • Can you see
  • State, Explain, Example x2?
  • Does it make sense?
  • Is it accurate?
  • Give your neighbour a mark out of 6
  • Tell them one good thing and one thing they could
    improve

34
Fill in the blanks!
  • Group Pressure
  • Minority Influence
  • Majority
  • Conversion
  • Conform
  • Privately
  • Considering

35
Minority Influence
  • A Majority being influenced to accept the beliefs
    or behaviours of a minority.
  • Usually involves a shift in private opinion
  • Majority must accept minority is right.

36
Explanations of Minority Influence
Conversion
Consistency
Flexibility
Commitment
Relevance
37
Consistency
  • Minority must be consistent in their expression
    to convince the majority

38
Flexibility
  • Minority must not be rigid
  • Must be flexible and willing to compromise
    without being inconsistent

39
Commitment
  • Encouraging people to rethink their position and
    their dedication to their original beliefs or
    behaviour

40
Relevance
  • Minority is more likely to be successful if their
    position is in line with current trends and
    social thinking

41
Social Impact Theory
Strength
Status
Distance
42
Strength
  • Number of people
  • Consistency

43
Status and Knowledge
  • The higher the status, the less people needed for
    conversion to occur.
  • One expert is better than lots of amateurs

44
Distance - takes place immediately
  • Smaller the physical and psychological distance,
    the more influential the message
  • Phone vs. face-to face
  • Stranger vs. close friend

45
Differences
  • Majority
  • Compliance
  • Takes place immediately
  • High need for approval
  • Minority
  • Conversion
  • Takes place over time
  • Low need for approval

46
Moscovici (1969)
47
APFCC
  • Read the summary of Moscovici in the activity
    book
  • Complete the APFCC in your own words.

48
Question Time
  • Choose an AO1 question
  • You need to try to get six marking points
  • You have ten minutes to write it!

49
Extension Task
  • Try to write one of the AO1 questions from your
    workbook without using notes!

50
Objectives
  • To state the definitions of minority influence
  • To state the explanations of minority influence.
  • To state the differences between minority and
    majority influence

51
AS paper 3 Social Influence
52
Minority
Majority
Social Influence
Methodology
Validity
Ethics
Obedience
53
Objectives
  • To state the definitions of obedience
  • State the differences between obedience and
    conformity

54
What makes good AO1?
  • Concise
  • Accurate
  • 6 marking points
  • Clear Description
  • State, Explain, Example
  • Give a mark out of 6
  • Tell your neighbour 1 good thing and 1 to improve

55
Obedience
  • Behaving as instructed, usually in response to
    individual rather than group pressure
  • Hierarchy person giving an order is usually
    higher in status
  • Individual feels they have little choice
  • Unlikely to influence private opinion

56
Explanations of Obedience
  • Agentic State
  • You become an agent of the person giving the
    order so you are not responsible in the situation
    for your actions or the consequences
  • Authoritarian Personality
  • A personality type that makes obedience likely
  • e.g.. Rigid beliefs, hostility to other groups,
    intolerance of ambiguity and submissive to those
    in authority.

57
Obedience vs. Conformity
  • Power is the emphasis
  • An order is clear, direct and overt
  • Use obedience to explain behaviour (as in agentic
    state)
  • Acceptance is the emphasis
  • Group norms often unclear and unwritten
  • Deny conformity as an explanation of conformity
    as the person is an individual

58
Milgram (1963)
59
APFCC
  • Read the summary of Milgram in the activity book
  • Complete the APFCC in your own words.

60
Task
  • Create a revision aid to help you learn the
    studies for a test next time!

61
Objectives
  • To state the definitions of obedience
  • State the differences between obedience and
    conformity

62
AS paper 3 Social Influence
63
Minority
Majority
Social Influence
Methodology
Validity
Ethics
Obedience
64
Objectives
  • State the definitions of Experimental and
    Ecological validity
  • Apply these concepts to research
  • Demonstrate evaluation skills

65
Test!
  • Aims of Milgram
  • Procedures of Asch
  • Findings of Moscovici
  • Conclusions of Asch
  • Criticisms of Milgram

66
Experimental Validity
  • Whether the research has internal and external
    validity
  • Internal
  • Is the DV due to manipulation of the IV?
  • External
  • Are the findings generalisable to other settings
    (ecological) or populations and periods of time
    (temporal)

67
Ecological Validity
  • The ability to generalise the findings to other
    settings including everyday settings
  • Are the findings limited to the original research
    setting?

68
Example task
  • Lacks Experimental Realism
  • Has Ecological Validity
  • Lacks Experimental Validity
  • Lacks Mundane Realism
  • Has Experimental Realism
  • Has Mundane Realism
  • Has Ecological Validity

69
FOR
Against
70
Evidence for Experimental Realism
  • Participants did believe in the set up!
  • Concern for the learner
  • Distress at shocks
  • Desire to leave the experiment

71
Evidence for Experimental Realism
  • Participants Reactions
  • Stuttering
  • Sweating
  • Trembling
  • Groaning
  • 3 participants had seizures!

72
Evidence against Experimental Realism
  • Demand Characteristics
  • Obedience occurs in all experiments

73
Evidence for Ecological Validity
  • Milgram in a run down office 48 obedience
  • Shows findings can be generalised

74
Evidence for Ecological Validity
  • Cross-cultural studies
  • Obedience 80 or higher in Germany, Italy,
    Holland and Spain!
  • Lack of standardisation

75
Evidence for Ecological Validity
  • Further studies
  • Hofling (1966)
  • Nazi Germany

76
Evidence against Ecological Validity
  • Lacks mundane realism nothing like real life!!
  • Findings may not generalise to the real world

77
Evidence against Ecological Validity
  • Authority figures tend to be challenged rather
    than obeyed and we are less naïve affecting
    ecological and temporal validity

78
Evidence against Ecological Validity
  • Supporting research (Hofling) findings have never
    been replicated.

79
Fill in the blanks
  • Arguments
  • Validity
  • Weaknesses
  • Electric
  • Experimental Realism
  • Experimental Validity
  • Underestimate
  • Situational
  • Overestimate
  • Personality
  • Holocaust
  • Generalisability
  • Ecological Validity

80
Evaluating
  • Read the article Evaluating Social Influence
    Research
  • Pick out 5 key points
  • Put them on post-it notes

81
Lets share our key points
82
Extension Task
  • Learn the following definitions for test
  • Social Influence
  • Majority Influence
  • Minority Influence
  • Obedience
  • Experimental Validity
  • Ecological Validity

83
Objectives
  • State the definitions of Experimental and
    Ecological validity
  • Apply these concepts to research
  • Demonstrate evaluation skills

84
AS paper 3 Social Influence
85
Minority
Majority
Social Influence
Methodology
Validity
Ethics
Obedience
86
Objectives
  • Define Resistance, situational factors and
    psychological processes
  • Describe and evaluate methods of resisting
    obedience with reference to Milgram

87
Key definitions test
  • Social influence
  • Conformity
  • Minority Influence
  • Obedience
  • Experimental Validity
  • Ecological Validity

88
Resistance to Obedience
  • The act of defying an order from an authority
    figure despite pressures to obey

89
Situational Factors
  • Changes in the circumstances in which the order
    is given.

90
3 situational factors
  • Location of the experiment 48
  • Yale -gt Run down Office 20 less obedience

91
3 Situational factors
  • Orders by telephone 20.5
  • Resistance is greatly increased when the
    experimenter is out of the room
  • Participants also pretend to give a shock or give
    a lower voltage shock.

92
3 situational factors
  • Disobedient role model 10
  • Resistance is increased if the participant is
    paired with a role model who refuses the order

93
Psychological Processes
  • Mental processes that cause the participant to
    reflect on the nature of their obedience

94
3 psychological processes
  • Voice feedback 62
  • Person receiving shocks thumps on the wall and
    complains of a heart condition very slight drop
    in obedience

95
3 psychological processes
  • Proximity 40
  • When the person receiving the shocks is within
    sight of the person giving the shocks there is a
    drop in obedience

96
3 psychological processes
  • Touch proximity 30
  • People giving the shocks had to force the hand of
    the person receiving the shocks onto the
    shockplate

97
Other Reasons for Resistance
  • Increased responsibility
  • Lack of Agentic state
  • Feeling forced to conform

98
Planning an Essay
  • On A3 paper you are going to mind map the answer
    to the following question
  • To what extent can the validity of obedience
    research be defended against criticisms

99
What to include
  • AO1 Description of Milgram study, Brief
    description of Hofling study, definitions of
    experimental and ecological validity
  • AO2 Evidence for and against experimental and
    ecological validity in Milgram and Hofling
    research, Factors describing resistance to
    obedience and how that affects validity

100
Lets share our mind maps
101
Extension Task
  • Write the essay you have mind-mapped
  • Bring it to next lesson

102
Objectives
  • Define Resistance, situational factors and
    personality
  • Describe and evaluate methods of resisting
    obedience with reference to Milgram

103
Multi-choice test!
  • Answer all the questions!
  • See how many you get right
  • Repeat at the end of ethics to see if you have
    improved

104
AS paper 3 Social Influence
105
Minority
Majority
Social Influence
Methodology
Validity
Ethics
Obedience
106
Objectives
  • Define ethical issues and ethical guidelines
  • State some ethical issues
  • State some ways of dealing with ethical issues

107
Ethics in the Lavatory
  • Read the article p24

108
Ethical Issues
  • Anything that may adversely affect a participant
    in a research study.
  • Includes deception, consent and protection from
    harm

109
Ethical Guidelines
  • A code of conduct set out by the British
    Psychological Society which states how
    participants should be treated to maximise their
    wellbeing

110
Deception
  • Ethical Issues What examples can you think of
    in the research where the participants were not
    told the truth?
  • Ethical guidelines Participants should not be
    deceived.
  • If it is necessary to deceive the participants
    this must be resolved by giving a debrief at the
    end of the experiment saying what the deception
    was.

111
Consent
  • Ethical Issues
  • How did the researchers get consent?
  • Ethical Guidelines Participants must give full
    and informed consent including parental consent
    from under-16s.
  • If consent cannot be gained then this must be
    resolved by the use of debrief and asking if the
    participants want to withdraw data.

112
Protection from harm
  • Ethical Issues
  • How did the researchers expose their participants
    to harm?
  • How did they protect them from harm?
  • Ethical Guidelines
  • Participants should not be made to suffer any
    form of psychological harm including mental
    distress.
  • This must be resolved by debrief and the offer of
    further psychological help

113
The prison simulation experiment
  • Read the article, p7

114
Zimbardo
  • Zimbardo on the blog www.ashlawnpsych.wordpress.c
    om

115
Extension Task
  • Log onto the blog www.ashlawnpsych.wordpress.com
  • Follow the sections on Zimbardos website.
  • Post a comment!

116
Objectives
  • Define ethical issues and ethical guidelines
  • State some ethical issues
  • State some ways of dealing with ethical issues

117
AS paper 3 Social Influence
118
Minority
Majority
Social Influence
Methodology
Validity
Ethics
Obedience
119
Objectives
  • Explain whether the ends justify the means in
    Asch, Zimbardo and Milgram studies

120
Ethics
  • Which guideline?

121
Asch (1951, 1956)
  • For
  • Important insights into social behaviour, may
    encourage people to challenge group norms.
  • Participants admired the experiment BUT social
    desirability may have been a problem
  • Participants were debriefed and distress was
    thought to be only temporary

122
Asch (1951, 1956)
  • Against
  • Loss of self esteem may have been hidden and not
    seen in the debrief
  • Lacks mundane realism and ecological validity
  • Protection from harm though likely to be only
    temporary, confidentiality as videotapes were made

123
Zimbardo (1973)
  • For
  • Greater understanding of social roles, study had
    mundane realism and ecological validity
  • Participants reported that they had learned
    things about themselves but social desirability
    may be a problem
  • Day-long debrief to counteract the distress

124
Zimbardo (1973)
  • Against
  • Lack of informed consent, serious psychological
    harm
  • Savin (1973) mock prison was hell
  • Permanent distress, confidentiality as videotapes
    were made

125
Milgram (1963)
  • Important insights into social behaviour and
    obedience
  • 84 of participants were glad to have taken
    part and said there should be more studies like
    it BUT social desirability
  • Full debrief, psychiatric exam after 1 year
    indicated no long term effects

126
Milgram (1963)
  • Against
  • Protection from harm was seriously breached
  • Baumrind (1963) Milgram violated the human
    rights of his participants
  • Permanent distress, confidentiality as videotapes
    were made

127
Fill in the blanks
  • Moral
  • Social contribution
  • Ethical
  • Ends
  • Means
  • Cost-Benefit
  • Decision
  • Bias
  • Quantifying
  • Outcome
  • Outset

128
Ethics in social influence research
  • Read the article and pick out 5 key points!
  • Be ready to share!

129
Lets share our key points
130
Outline two ethical issues that have arisen in
social influence research. (33)
  • STATE, EXPLAIN, EXAMPLE
  • 1st person write state for Protection from harm,
    fold over and pass left.
  • 2nd person write explain and pass left
  • 3rd person write example and pass left
  • 4th person write state for Confidentiality
  • 5th person write explain
  • 6th person write example
  • 7th person assess

131
Extension Task
  • Describe deception
  • Describe research that violates this the ethical
    guideline
  • Add other AO2 to the studies including the other
    ethical issues, validity and differences

132
Objectives
  • Explain whether the ends justify the means in
    Asch, Zimbardo and Milgram studies

133
AS paper 3 Social Influence
134
Minority
Majority
Social Influence
Methodology
Validity
Ethics
Obedience
135
Objectives
  • State how to resolve ethical issues with a
    variety of methods

136
Definitions
  • Try to write a definition of ethical issues and
    ethical guidelines

137
Ethical Issues
  • Anything that may adversely affect a participant
    in a research study.
  • Includes deception, consent and protection from
    harm

138
Ethical Guidelines
  • A code of conduct set out by the British
    Psychological Society which states how
    participants should be treated to maximise their
    wellbeing

139
Effectiveness of Ethical guidelines and ethical
committees
  • Debrief
  • Used to resolve deception and harm
  • Participants should leave in the same state of
    mind that they entered in
  • Will not deal with high levels of distress

140
Clear standards?
  • Clear restrictions are set out
  • However, they are open to individual researcher
    opinion

141
Limitations imposed
  • Charter status is a professional award by the BPS
  • Attempt to control researchers in the public
    sector
  • Psychologists with chartered status MUST comply
    with the ethical guidelines

142
Lack Legislative power
  • Ethical guidelines are not enforceable by law
  • Detection of breach of ethical guidelines is
    difficult

143
Penalties
  • Being barred from the BPS
  • Not a real deterrent!

144
Universal truth?
  • Different cultures have different ethical codes
  • Introduced at different time, eg. USA (1953) UK
    (1978)
  • Lack of consistency

145
Managerial rather than social
  • Focus on how research should be conducted not on
    whether the research should be conducted
  • Wider social implications are not considered

146
Bias
  • Decision on ethics is often left to the
    individual researcher
  • Ethical committees often have a stake in the
    research
  • Lack of standardisation

147
Cost-benefit Analysis
  • Means
  • Harm to the participants must be balanced against
    the ends the potentially valuable results
  • Ends
  • Value of research to society must be balanced
    against harm to the participant

148
Evaluation
  • Outcomes of research are not always clear
    Milgram predicted 1 would go to 450 volts!
  • Cost-Benefits are not objective so difficult to
    decide
  • Judgements can be biased as researcher wants to
    carry out the research so may downplay the costs
    to participants
  • Cost-benefit is more of a moral dilemma than an
    ethical one

149
Fill in the blanks
  • Guidelines
  • Cost-benefit
  • Legislative
  • Standards
  • Ethical issues
  • Participants
  • Society
  • Deception
  • Demand characteristics

150
Thats all folks!
  • That is all the input for social influence!
  • Produce a summary poster that address all the
    content we have covered
  • Be ready to present

151
Ethics Posters
  • Lets share our posters
  • What is good about them?
  • What could be improved?

152
Extension Task
  • Learn this topic in preparation for the test at
    the end of the unit

153
Objectives
  • State how to resolve ethical issues with a
    variety of methods

154
AS paper 3 Social Influence
155
Minority
Majority
Social Influence
Methodology
Validity
Ethics
Obedience
156
Objectives
  • Construct an answer to the GSA that meets or
    exceeds should target.

157
Social Influence
  • What are the key topics/studies in this topic
  • 2-minute mind-map!

158
Question Time
  • Look at the GSA question at the front of your
    workbook.

159
Part a
  • Majority Influence
  • State, Explain, Example
  • Minority Influence
  • State, Explain, Example

160
Part b
  • 2 ways of resisting obedience
  • State Situational factors
  • Explain
  • Example from Milgram
  • State Psychological processes
  • Explain
  • Example from Milgram

161
Part c
  • Describe 1 study (max 100 words)
  • Why do the ends justify the means
  • Why dont the ends justify the means
  • Other evaluation
  • Repeat for 2nd study
  • Use Asch, Milgram or Zimbardo
  • Use the pages on ethical debate

162
Write by the end of the lesson!
GO
163
Time is UP!
Stop
164
Evaluating progress
  • What was easy?
  • What was difficult?
  • What would you do differently?

165
Extension Task
  • Learn this topic in preparation for the test at
    the end of the unit

166
Objectives
  • Construct an answer to the GSA that meets or
    exceeds should target.

167
AS paper 3 Social Influence
168
Minority
Majority
Social Influence
Methodology
Validity
Ethics
Obedience
169
Objectives
  • Construct an answer to the GSA that meets or
    exceeds should target.

170
How did you do?
  • Review the comments given on your GSA
  • Spend 2 minutes deciding on your action plan for
    improvement
  • Share your action plan with your neighbour

171
Part a
  • Majority Influence
  • State, Explain, Example
  • Minority Influence
  • State, Explain, Example

172
Part b
  • 2 ways of resisting obedience
  • State Situational factors
  • Explain
  • Example from Milgram
  • State Psychological processes
  • Explain
  • Example from Milgram

173
Part c
  • Describe 1 study (max 100 words)
  • Why do the ends justify the means
  • Why dont the ends justify the means
  • Other evaluation
  • Repeat for 2nd study
  • Use Asch, Milgram or Zimbardo
  • Use the pages on ethical debate

174
Write by the end of the lesson!
GO
175
Time is UP!
Stop
176
Target Setting
  • Set yourselves a target for revision
  • Share with the person you are sitting next to
  • Record this in your planner.

177
Extension Task
  • Learn this topic in preparation for the test at
    the end of the unit

178
Objectives
  • Construct an answer to the GSA that meets or
    exceeds should target.

179
AS paper 3 Social Influence
180
Minority
Majority
Social Influence
Methodology
Validity
Ethics
Obedience
181
Objectives
  • Explain why they have chosen their consolidation
    target.
  • Consolidate knowledge to achieve that target

182
How did you do?
  • Read the comments on your essay.
  • Write at the bottom one thing you are pleased
    with and one thing you want to improve
  • Share with your neighbour

183
Tick, Cross or Question Mark?
  • Go through your workbook
  • At the top of each page
  • Tick if you understand
  • Question mark if you are unsure
  • Cross if you dont understand

184
Consolidation
  • Choose a page(s) that you have crossed or
    question marked.
  • Choose an activity to help you turn that page
    into a tick
  • Repeat with other pages in the same way.

185
Sharing
  • What did you choose to consolidate?
  • How did you consolidate?
  • Why did you choose these?

186
Extension Task
  • Learn this topic in preparation for the test at
    the end of the unit

187
Objectives
  • Explain why they have chosen their consolidation
    target.
  • Consolidate knowledge to achieve that target

188
AS paper 3 Social Influence
189
Minority
Majority
Social Influence
Methodology
Validity
Ethics
Obedience
190
Objectives
  • Construct an answer to the GSA that meets or
    exceeds should target.

191
Last-minute questions
192
Testing
  • You have 20 mins
  • Help each other
  • Test the topics you crossed or question marked
    last time

193
Test Time
  • Spread yourselves out, close all books.
  • Put your name on the paper
  • You have 30 minutes from when you are told to
    begin

194
How do you think it went?
195
Extension task
  • Read the text book section for the next topic

196
Objectives
  • Construct an answer to the GSA that meets or
    exceeds should target.
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