Jimmy Carter

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Jimmy Carter

• 1976-1980

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Department of Energy

• New federal agency to encourage Americans to
  conserve oil and use more renewable energy
  sources

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Panama Canal

• 1903 US seized Panama Canal Zone
• To show world US was no longer imperialist,
  Carter negotiated a new treaty with Panamanians
• Dec 31, 1999 transfer of control to Panama
• China has 25 year lease on canal

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Camp David Accords

• Historic peace treaty between Israel and Egypt
• Israel withdraw from Sinai Peninsula
• Egypt recognizes Israel and allows passage in
  Suez canal

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Iran-Hostage Crisis

• Since 1953- animosity towards US
• Iranian Premier Mohammad Mossadeq was ousted from
  power by CIA replaced with Mohammad Reza Shah
  Pahlavi
• Shah- negotiated oil deals with US
• Introduced western influences
• 1979- forced to flee
• Carter promised Iran/Ayatollah Khomeini that the
  Shah would not be let in the US
• Shah had heart problems
• Asked US to allow him in for medical treatment
• To Iranians, seemed that US again interfering
• Could now set Shah up with more US power to
  invade Iran

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• Frustrations boiled over
• November 1979 radicals seized US Embassy took
  63 Americans hostage
• Carter worked to negotiate their release
• Also tried rescue mission it failed 8 servicemen
  died
• 52 hostages held for 444 days
• Not freed until Carter left office

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Ronald Reagan

• 1980-1988

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Reaganomics

• Cutting taxes for corporations and wealthy
  Americans
• To avoid major deficit had to cut programs
• Food stamp program
• Medicare payments
• Student loans
• School lunch program
• Could not balance budget gave up
• Decided that cutting taxes and building up the
  military were most important
• Created largest budget deficit in history

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Peace through strength

• No negotiations with Soviets
• Huge military build-up
• Soviet economy would collapse trying to keep up

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Soviet-Afghan War

• Dec 1979- USSR invaded Afghanistan to protect a
  pro-communist govt
• Carter sent 30 billion in military aid
• Reagan sent 570 million more
• Trained guerrillas
• Promised to help rebuild
• Afghans saw war as fighting the Soviets for us
• Very similar to Vietnam for USSR
• Could not find enemy
• Withdrew in 1988
• Heavy toll on Soviet resources

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Iran Contra Affair

• Sandinistas (pro-socialists) had overthrown
  pro-American dictator in 1979 in Nicaragua
• US feared communist influence in Central America
• Had begun secretly arming anti-communist
  guerrilla fighters (Contras) in Nicaragua
• Congress found out and banned further aid
• Aid continued secretly
• To fund the rebels US sold weapons to Iran
  hoping to free American hostages in Middle East
  profits sent to contras
• Nov 1986- Congress found out about these actions
• Many testified to Congress about covering up
  evidence
• Raegan admitted knowing about sales to Iran, but
  not that went to Contras

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Star Wars

• Nickname given to Reagans Strategic Defense
  Initiative (SDI)
• Military system that could intercept and destroy
  incoming missiles

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Mikhail Gorbachev

• Reforms to economy
• INF Treaty
• Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces
• 1st treaty to call for destruction of nuclear
  weapons

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George H.W. Bush

• 1989-1993

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No New Taxes

• Campaign Pledge

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Berlin Wall

• Comes down Nov. 9, 1989

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Soviet Union Collapses

• Gorbachev overthrown August 1991
• Boris Yeltsin took control
• Coup collapsed
• Gorbachev took control again
• Soviet Republics declared their independence from
  USSR
• Gorbachev announced end of USSR in Dec 1991
• Most republics joined Russian Federation of
  States

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• Persian Gulf War
• August 2, 1990 Iraq/Saddam Hussein invaded
  Kuwait
• Claimed oil fields in Kuwait belonged to Iraq
• US feared this would lead to invasion of Saudi
  Arabia (oil rich)

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• 5 months of talks/negotiations with United
  Nations
• UN demanded Iraq withdraw from Kuwait
• Hussein Refused
• Jan 16, 1991 devastating air assault

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• Feb 24, 1991 ground assault (largest tank battle
  since WWII)
• US takes over 30,000 prisoners within hours

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• Feb 28, 1991 Hussein agrees to withdraw from
  Kuwait and to all UN inspections
• War is over
• UN Casualties less than 300
• more than 100,000 Iraqis died
• Bushs approval rating skyrockets
• 89 ?

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• Raised taxes to stop growing deficit
• Americans felt Bush lied approval rating drops
• Election of 1992
• Republicans Bush 37 of the vote
• Democrats Clinton 43 of the vote
• Independent Perot 19 of the vote
• Split in Republican Vote
• (1912)

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Bill Clinton

• 1993-2001

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• Economic successes
• Highest economic growth in history
• Unemployment an inflation fell to lowest levels
  in 40 years
• Stock market took off
• Crime rates fell

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• Foreign Efforts
• Bosnia and Serbia ethnic cleansing
• Bosnia 3 groups competing for power (Orthodox
  Christian Serbs, Catholic Croatians, and Bosnian
  Muslims)
• Serbs began to slaughter Muslims who would not
  move
• 100,000s killed
• Clinton convinced NATO troops to move into the
  region to force negotiations
• Dayton Accords peace treaty between 3 groups

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• Serbia Small territory( Kosovos Albanians
  wanted independence)
• Slobodan Milosevic (Serbian leader) ordered
  attacks/slaughter of Albanians
• 100,000s killed
• Clinton convinced NATO to send in troops
• Milosevic removed his troops

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• Impeachment
• Independent council Ken Starr was investigating a
  real-estate scandal Whitewater
• Discovered Clinton had had an improper
  relationship with an intern and had lied about it
  under oath (perjury)

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• House of Representatives passed two articles of
  impeachment
• One obstruction of justice
• One perjury
• Vote was split along party lines
• Democrats felt republicans were on a witch hunt
• Republicans argued that everyone should be held
  accountable
• Was not voted out of office
• Mixed legacy strong economy under Clinton, but
  many felt he had disgraced the office

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• Election of 2000
• Republicans George W. Bush 47.9
  of popular vote
• Democrats Al Gore 48.4 of popular
  vote
• Gore promised to continue economic success
• Bush promised a return to dignity in the White
  House
• Both promised tax cuts and education reforms

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• FLORIDA unclear who had received the electoral
  votes
• Florida had 25 votes, so whoever won Florida
  became president
• Florida law required a recount b/c votes so close
• Many ballots thrown out- computer could not read
• Gore asked for a manual recount
• CHADS make voting unclear
• Florida Supreme Court allows continued recounts
  b/c of unclear results

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• Bush asks US Supreme Court to intervene
• Bush v Gore
• Supreme court argued that hand recounts violated
  equal protection clause of 14th amendment- not
  all votes counted the same way
• Ruled 5-4 to stop counting Bush had 537 more
  votes than Gore in Florida
• Bush was declared the winner
• Gore conceded

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George W. Bush

• 2001-2009

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• September 11, 2001
• Terrorists from Afghanistan and Saudi Arabia,
  trained by Osama bin Laden, flew 3 planes into
  the World Trade Centers and the Pentagon
• A 4th plane crashed into a Pennsylvania field
• Believed to have been headed to White House
• Bin Laden had trained in Afghanistan in
  Soviet-Afghan war
• Created Al-Qaeda (the base)
• Organized extremists to launch attacks against
  Americans in the Middle East
• Frustrations with America
• Bases in Saudi Arabia
• Support for Israel
• Interference in Middle East

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• Defining point of Bush Presidency
• Launches attack on Afghanistans ruling govt
  The Taliban
• Taliban Extremist govt aiding Al Qaeda
• October 7, 2001 US begins bombing targets in
  Afghanistan
• Also dropped food and medical supplies to the
  people
• Taliban govt collapsed by December
• US began setting up a new/democratic government
• US still in Afghanistan
• Taliban gaining ground currently

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• Axis of Evil Iraq, Iran, North Korea
• Bush considered Iraq biggest threat
• Believed Hussein was hiding WMDs
• UN sent in weapons inspectors
• Found nothing
• Bush felt Hussein was hiding WMDs, was lying to
  world and defying UN
• Invasion of Iraq March 20, 2003
• May 1, 2003 Bush announced Mission
  Accomplished major fighting over, US would begin
  rebuilding Iraq
• Still in Iraq today fighting

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• North Korea has nuclear weapons
• Iran developing nuclear technology
• Osama Bin Laden still free
• Banking/Mortgage crisis
•  
• Uncertain legacy for George W. Bush

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Barack Obama

• 2009-present

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Election of 2008

•  Democrat
• Barack Obama/Joe Biden
• Republican
• John McCain/Sarah Palin
• Barack Obama 1st African American President in US
  History

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Presidency to this point

• Banking/Mortgage Crisis
• War over in Iraq
• War still in Afghanistan
• Health Care Reform
• Osama Bin Laden killed