Solar Details

1
corona
chromosphere
photosphere
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Photosphere
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Photosphere
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Granulation
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Granulation
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Chromosphere
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Chromosphere
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Seeing the Chromosphere
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Chromosphere
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Prominences
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Corona
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Corona
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Corona
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Sunspots
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Sunspot Cycle
11 years
max max max max min min min
min
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Energy Output
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Sunspot Cycle First Realized
Sunspots First Observed? Galileo 1610
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Sunspot Cycle First Realized
Sunspots First Observed? Galileo 1610
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Sunspot Cycle First Realized
Sunspots First Observed? Galileo 1610
1645-1715 Maunder Minimum
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Sunspot Cycle First Realized
Traced Back to 1715
Sunspots First Observed? Galileo 1610
1645-1715 Maunder Minimum
No Sunspot Maximum Little Ice Age 1C Cooler
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What happens when the average temperature is
lower?
2OF cooler cooler summer colder winter vacation
town less tourism snow January-May melts in one
week December- June melts in two weeks ski resort?
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What about taller mountains?
Snow falls most of the year? When does it
melt? Where does our water come
from? glaciers rivers draught sea
level Florida Holland Mediterranean
Sea pre-Columbian immigration ice age Bering
Strait
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Little Ice Age
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Little Ice Age
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Radiocarbon Dating
950
N2
CO2
H2O
O2
14Nº14N
balance
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Carbon Isotopes
12C 14C 0.0000000001
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Radiocarbon Dating
OCO
O2
Isotopes
8 92
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Radiocarbon Dating
CO2
O2
8
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Radiocarbon Dating
CO2
O2
8
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Half Life
Half Life of 14C 5,700 Years
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Half Life 100 years
Live 8
10
Dead 100 years
4
5
Dead 200 years
2
21/2
Dead 300 years
1
11/4
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Sunspot Cycle
Cosmic Rays
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Solar Connection
More cosmic rays detected during solar
minimum. Solar activity blocks cosmic rays. More
cosmic rays produce more 14C. Elevated 14C enters
food chain. Breaks down at same rate. Elevated
14C in things that died during Maunder minimum.
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Sunspot Latitude
1215
1115
Equator
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5700K
Convection brings energy from interior.
4500K
Radiation takes energy away.
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Zeeman Effect
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Sunspot Polarity
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Babcock Model
Magnetic Field
B R
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Babcock Model
Magnetic Field
B R
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Babcock Model
Magnetic Field
B R
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Babcock Model
Magnetic Field
B R
Differential Rotation
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Sunspot Polarity
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Babcock Model
Magnetic Field
B R
Differential Rotation
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Babcock Model
Magnetic Field
B R
Differential Rotation
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Babcock Model
Magnetic Field
B R
Differential Rotation
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Babcock Model
Magnetic Field
B R
Differential Rotation
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Sunspot Latitude
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Babcock Model
Magnetic Field
B R
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Babcock Model
Magnetic Field
R B
Changes Polarity Changes Back 2-11 Year Sunspot
Cycle 1-22 Year Magnetic Cycle
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Flare
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Flares
Magnetic Field
B R
Differential Rotation
Reconnection Flare Power Outage Aurora Borealis
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Babcock Model
Magnetic Field Differential Rotation Reconnection
Flare