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prof. dr. Samo Kreft

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... Brassinosteroids Phytosterols Phytoalexins Prenyl groups Ubiquinone (mitos) DXP pot DOXP (1-deoksi-ksiluloze 5P), MEP (2-methyl-erythritol 4P) ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: prof. dr. Samo Kreft


1
prof. dr. Samo Kreft
Rastlinska biokemija TERPENI
2
terpeni terpenoidi izoprenoidi
  • C5 hemiterpeni
  • C10 monoterpeni
  • C15 seskviterpeni
  • C20 diterpeni
  • C25 sesterterpeni
  • C30 triterpeni
  • C40 karotenoidi
  • Cn (ngt40) poliizoprenoidi

3
terpeni
  • C5 hemiterpeni
  • C10 monoterpeni
  • C15 seskviterpeni
  • C20 diterpeni
  • C25 sesterterpeni
  • C30 triterpeni
  • C40 karotenoidi
  • Cn (ngt40) poliizoprenoidi
  • lipofilne snovi
  • sinteza tudi pri živalih
  • nekaj neobhodnih za življenje
  • membranski steroli
  • karoteni
  • stranske verige na nekaterih spojinah
  • ubikinonu
  • klorofilu
  • sekundarni metaboliti
  • etericna olja
  • smole
  • gume

4
terpeni gradnja osnovnega skeleta
  • nastanejo s polimerizacijo izopentenilpirofosfata
    (IPP), sledi ciklizacija.
  • IPP se sintetizira po dveh razlicnih poteh

DXP pot DOXP (1-deoksi-ksiluloze 5P), MEP
(2-methyl-erythritol 4P) odkrita leta
1993 (plastidi) Cytokinins Abscisic
acid Carotenoids Phytol Plastoquinone Tocopherol
s
Mevalonatna pot znana že 40 let (cytosol and ER)
Brassinosteroids Phytosterols Phytoalexins Preny
l groups Ubiquinone (mitos)
5
Mevalonatna pot
5
Enzymes in cytosol and ER
6
HMG CoA sintaza
  • vecgenska družina
  • 2 gena pri Arabidopsis
  • Izraža se v vseh rastlinskih organih
  • najvec v zgodnji stopnji razvoja
  • Down-regulacija pri stresu
  • ABA, osmotski stres, dehidratacija
  • Up-regulacija pri ranah, MeJA in SA
  • steroli za popravila in fitoaleksini

7
HMG CoA reduktaza (HMGR)
  • vec izovorm HMG CoA reduktaze
  • HMGR kontrolni encim pri živalih in kvasovkah
  • HMGR aktivnost korelira s producijo lateksa

produkcija lateksa HMGR
drugi encimi Jan-Mar Visoka
Visoka Visoka June-July Nizka Nizka
Visoka
8
Regulacija
  • HMGR required in early fruit development in
    tomato but not during ripening
  • Membrane sterols and not carotenoids
  • HMGR induced by wounding and pathogens
  • Potato HMGR 1 induced by wounding - sterols
  • HMGR 2 3 induced by elicitors - sesquiterpene
    phytoalexins
  • Co-ordinated regulation of HMGS and HMGR
  • wounding
  • pathogens
  • germination

9
DXP/MEP pot
encimi v plastidih
CH3 C-CH3 CH2 CH2OPP
izopentenil pp
MEP citidilil transferaza CDP-ME kinaza MECDP
sintaza
10
13C-Labeling patterns of isopentenyl diphosphate
(IPP) from 1-13Cglucose formed via a), the
acetate/MVA pathway (white circles) b), the
DOXP/MEP pathway (black circles).
11
terpeni gradnja osnovnega skeleta
  • izopentenil PP izomeraza
  • vsi drugi izoprenoidi
  • nastanejo s kondenzacijo IPP in DMAPP
  • preniltransferaza

12
terpeni gradnja osnovnega skeleta
13
terpeni gradnja osnovnega skeleta
  • Head-to-head condensation
  • Squalene synthase for sterols (C30), phytoene
    synthase for carotenoids (C40)

14
terpeni ciklizacija
15
povecanje aktivnosti fitoensintaze (transgena
rastlina konstitutivna ekspresija fitoensintaze
s 35S promotorem)
Pyruvate G3P DXP IPP DMAPP GGPP Phytoene
?-carotene Lycopene
DXPS (CLA1) DXR
GAs
Phytol chlorophylls
PSY
PDS
Carotenoids
16
Golden rice
  • SE Asia - vitamin A deficiency in 70 of under
    5s
  • Rice endosperm cannot synthesis ?-carotene
  • Only enzymes up to GGPP
  • Introduction of PYS
  • Carotene desaturase (PDS and ?-carotene
    desaturase activity)
  • Lycopene ?-cyclase
  • Golden rice producing ??-carotene
  • Ye at al 2000

WT
Golden rice
17
etericno olje poprove mete
mentofuran
limonen
menton
18
etericno olje poprove mete
  • Monoterpene synthesis in mint in glandular
    trichomes
  • Major component menthol, but also menthofuran
  • Introduction of sense DXR
  • Increase of up to 50 essential oil
  • Antisense menthofuran synthase
  • Decrease of 50 menthanofuran

Plant Oil weight Menthol ()
Menthofuran (mg/g FW) WT 1.8
6.9 16.8 DXR6 2.6 12.7 15.7 MSF1
1.7 23.2 2.5
Mahmoud and Croteau 2001
19
  • - etericna olja
  • stomahiki, karminativ - posp. prebavo, proti
    napenjanju (KAMILICA, KUMINA, PELIN, KOLMEŽ)
  • antiseptiki - razkužuje kožo in sluznice
    (ŽAJBELJ, TIMIJAN, EUKALIPTUS, KLINCKI)
  • rubefaciensi - dražijo kožo (BOR, ROŽMARIN,
    TIMIJAN)
  • ekspektoransi - olajÅ¡ujejo kaÅ¡elj (JANEŽ,
    KOROMAC, EUKALIPTUS,TIMIJAN)
  • diuretik - posp. izl. seca (BRIN, PETERÅ ILJ)
  • sedativi - pomirjevalo (BALDRIAN, HMELJ, MELISA,
    SIVKA)

20
pravi pelin Artemisia absinthium
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