Title: prof. dr. Samo Kreft
1prof. dr. Samo Kreft
Rastlinska biokemija TERPENI
2terpeni terpenoidi izoprenoidi
- C5 hemiterpeni
- C10 monoterpeni
- C15 seskviterpeni
- C20 diterpeni
- C25 sesterterpeni
- C30 triterpeni
- C40 karotenoidi
- Cn (ngt40) poliizoprenoidi
3terpeni
- C5 hemiterpeni
- C10 monoterpeni
- C15 seskviterpeni
- C20 diterpeni
- C25 sesterterpeni
- C30 triterpeni
- C40 karotenoidi
- Cn (ngt40) poliizoprenoidi
- lipofilne snovi
- sinteza tudi pri živalih
- nekaj neobhodnih za življenje
- membranski steroli
- karoteni
- stranske verige na nekaterih spojinah
- ubikinonu
- klorofilu
- sekundarni metaboliti
- etericna olja
- smole
- gume
4terpeni gradnja osnovnega skeleta
- nastanejo s polimerizacijo izopentenilpirofosfata
(IPP), sledi ciklizacija. - IPP se sintetizira po dveh razlicnih poteh
-
-
-
DXP pot DOXP (1-deoksi-ksiluloze 5P), MEP
(2-methyl-erythritol 4P) odkrita leta
1993 (plastidi) Cytokinins Abscisic
acid Carotenoids Phytol Plastoquinone Tocopherol
s
Mevalonatna pot znana že 40 let (cytosol and ER)
Brassinosteroids Phytosterols Phytoalexins Preny
l groups Ubiquinone (mitos)
5Mevalonatna pot
5
Enzymes in cytosol and ER
6HMG CoA sintaza
- vecgenska družina
- 2 gena pri Arabidopsis
- Izraža se v vseh rastlinskih organih
- najvec v zgodnji stopnji razvoja
- Down-regulacija pri stresu
- ABA, osmotski stres, dehidratacija
- Up-regulacija pri ranah, MeJA in SA
- steroli za popravila in fitoaleksini
7HMG CoA reduktaza (HMGR)
- vec izovorm HMG CoA reduktaze
- HMGR kontrolni encim pri živalih in kvasovkah
- HMGR aktivnost korelira s producijo lateksa
produkcija lateksa HMGR
drugi encimi Jan-Mar Visoka
Visoka Visoka June-July Nizka Nizka
Visoka
8Regulacija
- HMGR required in early fruit development in
tomato but not during ripening - Membrane sterols and not carotenoids
- HMGR induced by wounding and pathogens
- Potato HMGR 1 induced by wounding - sterols
- HMGR 2 3 induced by elicitors - sesquiterpene
phytoalexins - Co-ordinated regulation of HMGS and HMGR
- wounding
- pathogens
- germination
9DXP/MEP pot
encimi v plastidih
CH3 C-CH3 CH2 CH2OPP
izopentenil pp
MEP citidilil transferaza CDP-ME kinaza MECDP
sintaza
1013C-Labeling patterns of isopentenyl diphosphate
(IPP) from 1-13Cglucose formed via a), the
acetate/MVA pathway (white circles) b), the
DOXP/MEP pathway (black circles).
11terpeni gradnja osnovnega skeleta
- vsi drugi izoprenoidi
- nastanejo s kondenzacijo IPP in DMAPP
- preniltransferaza
12terpeni gradnja osnovnega skeleta
13terpeni gradnja osnovnega skeleta
- Head-to-head condensation
- Squalene synthase for sterols (C30), phytoene
synthase for carotenoids (C40)
14terpeni ciklizacija
15povecanje aktivnosti fitoensintaze (transgena
rastlina konstitutivna ekspresija fitoensintaze
s 35S promotorem)
Pyruvate G3P DXP IPP DMAPP GGPP Phytoene
?-carotene Lycopene
DXPS (CLA1) DXR
GAs
Phytol chlorophylls
PSY
PDS
Carotenoids
16Golden rice
- SE Asia - vitamin A deficiency in 70 of under
5s - Rice endosperm cannot synthesis ?-carotene
- Only enzymes up to GGPP
- Introduction of PYS
- Carotene desaturase (PDS and ?-carotene
desaturase activity) - Lycopene ?-cyclase
- Golden rice producing ??-carotene
- Ye at al 2000
WT
Golden rice
17etericno olje poprove mete
mentofuran
limonen
menton
18etericno olje poprove mete
- Monoterpene synthesis in mint in glandular
trichomes - Major component menthol, but also menthofuran
- Introduction of sense DXR
- Increase of up to 50 essential oil
- Antisense menthofuran synthase
- Decrease of 50 menthanofuran
-
Plant Oil weight Menthol ()
Menthofuran (mg/g FW) WT 1.8
6.9 16.8 DXR6 2.6 12.7 15.7 MSF1
1.7 23.2 2.5
Mahmoud and Croteau 2001
19- - etericna olja
- stomahiki, karminativ - posp. prebavo, proti
napenjanju (KAMILICA, KUMINA, PELIN, KOLMEŽ) - antiseptiki - razkužuje kožo in sluznice
(ŽAJBELJ, TIMIJAN, EUKALIPTUS, KLINCKI) - rubefaciensi - dražijo kožo (BOR, ROŽMARIN,
TIMIJAN) - ekspektoransi - olajšujejo kašelj (JANEŽ,
KOROMAC, EUKALIPTUS,TIMIJAN) - diuretik - posp. izl. seca (BRIN, PETERÅ ILJ)
- sedativi - pomirjevalo (BALDRIAN, HMELJ, MELISA,
SIVKA)
20pravi pelin Artemisia absinthium