Unit 1: Diversity of Living Things

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Unit 1 Diversity of Living Things
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Classify each of these diseases by what organisms
cause them.B Bacteria FFungus PProtist V
Virus O Other

• Strep throat Cold Sores
• Pink Eye Flu
• Athlete's Foot Mad Cow

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Strep throat
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Cold Sores
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Pink Eye

• Viral Conjunctivitis

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Flu

• Influenza virus

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Athletes foot

• Fungus

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Mad Cow

• bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE)
• Other Prions (protein machines)

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Classification

• Aristotle - 4th century B.C. philosopher
• Classified living things into two groups
• Animal
• Plant
• Not based
• upon
• evolutionary
• theory

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Terms to Know

• Classification grouping based on similiarities
• Taxonomy a branch of biology that groups and
  names organisms based on different
  characteristics
• Monophyletic common descent from a single
  ancestor
• What is the difference between monophyletic,
  polyphyletic, and paraphyletic?

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The Tree of Life Evolves
Changing Number of Kingdoms
Names of Kingdoms
Introduced
1700s
Plantae
Animalia
Late 1800s
Plantae
Protista
Animalia
1950s
Animalia
Monera
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Archae-bacteria
Animalia
1990s
Eubacteria
Protista
Fungi
Plantae

• 1990s Domains, as proposed by Carl Woese
• These 'domains' exist above kingdoms

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Today

• Domains Classify all living things into 3
  different types based on biochemistry and
  cellular morphology.
• The three domains are ...
• Eukarya (eukaryotes)
• have a nucleus and well defined complex
  organelles
• Bacteria (Eubacteria) Prokaryotes
• do NOT have a nucleus and do NOT have well
  defined complex organelles
• Archaea (Archaeobacteria/Archaeabacteria)
• do NOT have a nucleus and do NOT have well
  defined complex organelles
• live in extreme environments (eg ocean vents,
  inside glaciers)

Cellular Structure
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Cladograms

• Cladograms shows how organisms are related based
  on shared, derived characteristics such as
  feathers, hair, scales, etc.

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Cladograms

• More specifically, cladograms is a method of
  classifying species of organisms into groups
  called 'clades'
• Consists of an ancestor organism and all its
  'descendents'
• Essentially, a clade a single branch tree of
  life
• Focuses on shared derived characteristics (aka.
  synapomorphies)
• Reflects the relative recency of a common
  ancestor or the sharing of a homologous feature

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Remember

• Basis of constructing a valid cladogram is the
  ability to identify the characteristics of the
  ancestral population and those of the descendents
• http//evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/0
  _0_0/evo_06

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Cladograms are linked to Venn Diagrams

• Review front of cladogram
• sheet

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Make a Venn diagram from the following data
LA CU GC TE
Eats Blue
Eats Red
Eats goldfish
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LA CU GC TE
Eats blue
Eats green
Eats goldfish
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Rules

• All cladistic groupings must share a common
  ancestor
• All species derived from a common ancestor must
  be included in the taxon
• Taxon a taxonomic group of any size a group of
  (one or more) organisms which are usually
  phylogenetically related and which have common
  characteristics

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• Complete large cladogram using back of cladogram
  sheet.

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