Detail of William Clark with Shoshone guide Sacagawea at Three Forks of the Missouri in 1805.

1
The Jefferson Era, 18001816
The presidency of Thomas Jefferson shapes the
U.S. government. The Louisiana Purchase and the
War of 1812 strongly affect the nation.
Detail of William Clark with Shoshone guide
Sacagawea at Three Forks of the Missouri in 1805.
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2
The Jefferson Era, 18001816
SECTION 1
Jefferson Takes Office
SECTION 2
The Louisiana Purchase and Exploration
SECTION 3
Problems with Foreign Powers
The War of 1812
SECTION 4
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3
When Jefferson becomes president in 1801, his
party replaces Federalist programs with its own.
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4
Jefferson Takes Office
The Election of 1800
Thomas Jefferson, Aaron Burr are
Democratic-Republican candidates
Image
Believe Alien and Sedition Acts violate Bill of
Rights
John Adams is Federalist candidate
Thinks radicals, people with extreme political
views, will ruin nation
Burr and Jefferson defeat Adams in presidential
election
Burr, Jefferson receive same number of
electoral votes
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Breaking the Tie
House of Representatives breaks Burr/Jefferson
tie
Federalists control the House of
Representatives
Some Federalists fear Jeffersons views
Others, like Alexander Hamilton, feel Burr is
unreliable
House elects Jefferson as president
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The Talented Jefferson
Jefferson has many talents - advises
Washington D. C. architects - skilled violinist,
horseman, scientist, devoted reader
Image
Book collection becomes core for the Library of
Congress
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Jeffersons Philosophy
Jefferson wants to unite Americans, promotes
common life style
Wants U.S. to remain a nation of small,
independent farmers
Believes such a nation upholds strong
democratic values
Believes in a modest role for the central
government
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Undoing Federalist Programs
Jefferson seeks to end many Federalist
policies - allows Alien and Sedition Acts to
end - ends many taxes including whiskey
tax - reduces number of Federal employees,
government debt
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Marshall and the Judiciary
Adams uses Judiciary Act of 1801 to appoint
many Federalist judges
New president Jefferson is frustrated with
Federalist judiciary
Cannot change judges because they are appointed
for life
Before leaving office, Adams picks Chief
Justice of Supreme Court
Federalist Chief Justice John Marshall in
office for over 3 decades
Image
Strengthens the federal courts, presides over
Marbury v. Madison, 1803
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Marbury v. Madison
Before leaving office, Adams picks William
Marbury as a justice
New Secretary of State James Madison refuses to
install Marbury
Marbury sues, case goes to Supreme Court
Court rules that law under which Marbury sues
is unconstitutional
Unconstitutional contradicts the law of the
Constitution
Continued . . .
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Continued Marbury v. Madison
Supreme Court establishes principle of judicial
review - judicial reviewhas final say in
interpreting the Constitution - helps
establish balance between 3 government branches
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Jefferson purchases the Louisiana Territory in
1803 and doubles the size of the United States.
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13
The Louisiana Purchase and Exploration
The West in 1800
Many settlers move to region between
Appalachians, Mississippi River
Image
Kentucky, Tennessee become states (1800), Ohio
becomes state (1803)
France, Spain want Louisiana Territory, Britain
claims land in region
Louisiana Territory between the Mississippi
River, Rocky Mountains
Spain settles California, Russians settle
Pacific coast
Americans want free use of Mississippi River
and New Orleans port
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Napoleon and New Orleans
Louisiana Territory is claimed by France, then
Spain
Spain returns territory to France (1800),
French plan to colonize it
Before returning territory, Spain closes New
Orleans to Americans
Angers many Americans who call for war with
Spain, France
Jefferson offers to buy New Orleans from France
French ask if U.S. wants to buy all of
Louisiana Territory
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The Louisiana Purchase
France, Napoleon offer Louisiana Territory to
U.S. because - U.S. determination to keep New
Orleans - Frances problems with
colonization - Napoleons costly war with Britain
Jefferson approves Louisiana Purchase on April
30, 1803
Buys territory for 15 million, doubles size of
U.S.
Map
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Lewis and Clark Explore
Jefferson chooses Meriwether Lewis to lead
Louisiana exploration
Lewis chooses William Clark to pick, oversee
volunteer force
Expedition is known as Lewis and Clark
expedition
Clark is accompanied by York, African American
slave, skilled hunter
Expedition sets out in summer of 1803, reaches
St. Louis by winter
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Up the Missouri River
Expedition leaves St. Louis (May 1804), heads
up Missouri River
Explores river, hopes to find water route
across continent
Relates well with Native Americans, describes
landscape, animals
Reaches Mandan Indian villages in October,
builds fort, spends winter
Leave with French trapper, Shoshone wife
Sacagawea in spring 1805
Image
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On to the Pacific Ocean
Expedition reaches Great Falls of the Missouri
Reaches Rocky Mountains, Shoshone lands
Sacagawea is chiefs sister
Shoshone help explorers cross Rockies, reach
Columbia River
Sail down river to Pacific coast, spend winter,
return following year
Expedition brings back wealth of scientific,
geographic information
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Pikes Expedition
Zebulon Pike leads expedition (1806) into
southern Louisiana Territory
Image
Seeks source of Arkansas, Red rivers, follows
Arkansas River to Rockies
Finds Rocky Mountain peak that is later named
Pikes Peak
Heads into Spanish territory, arrested by
Spanish, released (1807)
Brings back descriptions of Great Plains, Rio
Grande River Valley
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The Effects of Exploration
First American explorers of the West bring back
tales of adventure
Bring back valuable scientific, geographical
information
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Jefferson tries to avoid involvement in the
problems of other nations.
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Problems with Foreign Powers
Jeffersons Foreign Policy
As president, Jefferson wants to focus on
domestic concerns
Advises U.S. to be friendly with nations, but
not form alliances
Jeffersons effort to keep U.S. separate from
other nations fails - U.S. merchants are
trading all over world - U.S. has closer contact
with other nations - U.S. has little control
over actions of foreign nations
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Problems with France and England
Britain does not want U.S. to supply Britains
enemies with provisions
Sets up blockade (1805), allows certain
American ships to reach Europe
France is angered by blockade, enacts laws to
control foreign shipping
If Americans obey British, their ships could be
seized by the French
If Americans obey French, their ships could be
seized by British
Continued . . .
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Continued Problems with France and England
Britain uses impressment, or kidnapping, of
American sailors
Image
Impressment interferes with U.S. trade
Famous impressment incident arouses widespread
anger in America
Jefferson decides not to declare war on Britain
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Trade as a Weapon
Jefferson asks Congress to pass the Embargo Act
of 1807 - prohibits U.S. ships to sail to
foreign ports - closes U.S. ports to British

Chart
Because of unpopular embargo, Jefferson loses
election of 1808
James Madison becomes president, Congress
repeals embargo
Madison allows trade except with Britain, France
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Tecumseh and Native American Unity
Native Americans lose much land to settlers in
the Northwest Territory
Shawnee chief, Tecumseh says Native Americans
must unite
Image
Many tribes answer Tecumsehs call for unity
U.S. defeats Shawnee at Battle of Tippecanoe,
sets back unity movement
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War Hawks
British welcome Tecumseh, warriors in Canada
British-Native American alliance angers
Americans in the West
Westerners known as War Hawks call for war with
Britain
Americans also angry about British violation of
American rights at sea
Chart
Andrew Jackson, War Hawks urge Congress to
declare war
Congress declares war on Britain on June 18,
1812
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Angered by Britains interference in the nations
affairs, the United States goes to war.
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The War of 1812
The War Begins
Britain does not want war with U.S., news
reaches U.S. late
Congress approves war
First phase of War of 1812, Britain focuses on
defeating France
Britain does little in U.S. except blockade the
American coast
Second phase, Britain focuses on defeating U.S.
When war is declared, U.S. military is weak,
poorly trained
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The First Phase of the War
U.S. wins early naval victories
U.S. commander Oliver Hazard Perry, fleet
defeat British (1813)
U.S. defeat British at Battle of the Thames in
Canada Tecumseh killed
U.S. victory ends British threat to the
northwest
Interactive
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The Second Phase of the War
After defeating Napoleon, Britain focuses on
defeating the U.S.
British troops burn U.S. Capitol building,
attack Fort McHenry
Lawyer Francis Scott Key proudly watches U.S.
defend Fort McHenry
Image
Writes song that expresses his pride, becomes
U.S. national anthem
U.S. defeat British at battle of Lake Champlain
(1814)
Continued . . .
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Continued The Second Phase of the War
British troops approach New Orleans
General Andrew Jackson patches together U.S.
troops
Defeats British at the Battle of New Orleans
Britain, U.S. sign Treaty of Ghent, ends war
Battle of New Orleans takes place after the
treaty is signed
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The Legacy of the War
War of 1812 has no clear winner but has
important consequences - U.S. war heroes
increase American patriotism - war breaks the
strength of Native Americans - forces U.S. to
manufacture goods previously imported - U.S.
proves it can defend itself against the
mightiest military power
Chart
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