SMOKE OPERATIONS

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SMOKE OPERATIONS
M56 SMOKE GENERATOR
M58 SMOKE GENERATOR
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TERMINAL LEARNING OBJECTIVE

• ACTION Conduct Smoke Operations.
• CONDITIONS In a classroom environment given
  student handouts, TM 3-1040-282-10, TM
  3-1040-285-10, FM 3-50, FM 3-101-1.

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TERMINAL LEARNING OBJECTIVE

• STANDARDS Conduct smoke operations to include
• Plan Smoke Operations
• Predict Weather and Terrain Effects on Smoke
• Determine Fuel and Fog Oil Requirements for a
  Smoke Mission.

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TERMINAL LEARNING OBJECTIVE

• STANDARDS cont
• Smoke Movement Techniques

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LESSON ADMINISTRATIVE DATA

• Risk Assessment Level Low
• Environmental Considerations
•  No major environmental impact, training
  entirely of an administrative or classroom
  nature, with little or no environmental impact on
  the environment, equipment or personnel. It is
  the responsibility of all soldiers and DA
  civilians to protect the environment from damage.
•  
• Evaluation 
• None.

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PLAN SMOKE OPERATIONS

• Conduct a smoke reconnaissance to gather needed
  information to plan the smoke mission.
• Calculate the number of generators required for
  the mission.
• Formula
•      Determine the width of the selected area
  in meters.
• Divide this number by the initial generator
  spacing, in
• meters, calculated during the smoke
• reconnaissance then add 1. This is the
  minimum
• number of generators required for the
  mission.

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FORMULA EXAMPLE

• Width of area 1800 meters
• (divided by)
• Generator Spacing 300 meters
• 6 (add 1)
• Total 7 generators required for the mission.

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PLAN SMOKE OPERATIONS

• Calculate fog oil requirements for the mission.
• (M58 uses 1.33gal/min or 80 gal/hr)
• Examples
• (1) Smoke mission using 2 M58 for 4 hours
• 80 X 2 X 4 640 gallons of fog oil
  required.
• (2) Smoke mission using 7 M58 for 3 hours
• 80 X 7 X 3 1,680 gallons of fog
  oil required.
• (3) Smoke mission using 3 M58 for .5 hours
• 80 X 3 X 1.33 320 gallons of fog
  oil required.

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PLAN SMOKE OPERATIONS

• Determine the number of gallons of gasoline
  required for a smoke mission based upon the smoke
  equipment used. (M58 uses 12 gal/hr of diesel)
• Examples
• (1) M58 smoke mission using 7 generators
  for 3 hours 3 X 7 X 12 gallons of gasoline
  required.
• (2) M58 smoke mission using 4 generators
  for 7 hours 7 X 4 X 12 336 gallons of
  gasoline required.

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PLAN SMOKE OPERATIONS

• Plan for 360-degree coverage of the selected area
  identified during the smoke reconnaissance.
• Ensure that all generator operators have smoke
  pots available to conceal their generator
  locations with smoke.
• If smoke positions are located in terrain that
  makes them vulnerable to attack by threat
  mechanized or armored units, request antitank
  weapon support from higher headquarters or
  supported unit.

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PREDICT WEATHER AND TERRAIN EFFECTS ON SMOKE

• Wind Direction- Favorable surface wind directions
  for smoke operations are
• 1. Tail winds
• 2. Quartering winds
• 3. Flanking winds

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PREDICT WEATHER AND TERRAIN EFFECTS ON SMOKE

• Wind Speed
• 1. Low wind speeds or calm conditions allow
  smoke
• to remain in the target area for
  longer period.
• 2. Some types of smoke behave differently
  at
• different wind speeds.

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PREDICT WEATHER AND TERRAIN EFFECTS ON SMOKE

• Temperature Gradients
• 1. Stable
• 2. Unstable
• 3. Neutral

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PREDICT WEATHER AND TERRAIN EFFECTS ON SMOKE

• Humidity- Most smoke munitions produce a denser
  (thicker) smoke when the humidity is high than
  when it is low therefore, high humidity is
  generally favorably for smoke employment.
• Precipitation- Light rains decrease visibility
  and Heavy rains and snow reduce visibility.
• Cloud cover- The amount of clouds in the sky
  gives an indication of how smoke will act on the
  battlefield.

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PREDICT WEATHER AND TERRAIN EFFECTS ON SMOKE

• Terrain- Influences smoke travel by diverting and
  altering the normal wind flow. Smoke streamers
  tend to follow terrain contours.

HILL
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PREDICT WEATHER AND TERRAIN EFFECTS ON SMOKE

• Thermally Induced Winds
• 1. Valley winds
• 2. Slope winds
• 3. Breezes

Land and Sea breezes
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ADVISE COMMANDER ON USE OF SMOKE OPERATIONS

• Consider weather conditions that will affect
  smoke operations.
• Consider methods of disseminating smoke to
  support mission requirements.
• Advise the commander of the advantages and
  disadvantages of smoke integration.

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COLUMN FORMATION
COLUMN
DIRECTION OF TRAVEL
STAGGERED COLUMN
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WEDGE FORMATION
DIRECTION OF TRAVEL
COLUMN OF WEDGES
WEDGE
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VEE FORMATION
DIRECTION OF TRAVEL
VEE
SPLIT VEE
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ECHELON RIGHT (OR LEFT) FORMATION
DIRECTION OF TRAVEL
ECHELON LEFT
ECHELON RIGHT
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HERRINGBONE FORMATION
HERRINGBONE
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COIL FORMATION
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BACK AND FORTH TECHNIQUE
Smoke Target
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SQUAD BOUNDING
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LEAP FROG TECHNIQUE
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RACE TRACK TECHNIQUE
Smoke Target
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SUMMARY

• PLAN SMOKE OPERATIONS
• PREDICT WEATHER AND TERRAIN EFFECTS ON SMOKE
• FUEL SUPPLY OPERATIONS
• SMOKE MOVEMENT TECHNIQUES