AIR LAW I

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AIR LAW I
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LECTURE ONE ORIGINS AND RULES
1. The History of Air Law
2. Doc 7300 the basis of all air law
3. The UK Rules of the Air Regulations
4. Visual and Instrument Meteorological Conditions
5. Visual Flight Rules Instrument Flight Rules
6. Airspace Classification
7. Airways, CTAs, CTRs, ATZs, MATZs
8. Other Airspace Hazards
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WHERE DOES AVIATION LAW COME FROM?
INTERNATIONAL CIVIL AVIATION ORGANISATION (ICAO)
JOINT AVIATION AUTHORITIES (JAA)
EUROPEAN AVIATION SAFETY ADMINISTRATION (EASA)
UNITED KINGDOM PARLIAMENT
CIVIL AVIATION AUTHORITY (CAA)
AIR NAVIGATION ORDER
AIR NAVIGATION REGULATIONS
UK AERONAUTICAL INFORMATION PACKAGE
RULES OF THE AIR
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INTERNATIONAL CIVIL AVIATION ORGANISATION (ICAO)
Paris Convention 1919 Mainly European nations to
establish post-war principles for aviation law
and procedures
Chicago Convention 1944 International authorities
place moral obligation to provide safe and
efficient ground and flight organisations within
territories
Montreal 1947 International Civil Aviation
Organisation (ICAO) established to promote
aviation standards and a standard set of practices
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INTERNATIONAL CIVIL AVIATION ORGANISATION (ICAO)
Although standardised procedures there are some
big differences!
For example - Eastern Europe height based on
metres, western countries height based
on feet
Broad principles are laid down in DOC 7300
It is up to each country whether they implement
each article
Of 96 articles there are a few that are important
to the private pilot
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DOC 7300
Art 1 - Sovereignty
Each contracting state has exclusive sovereignty
over the airspace above its territory
Art 2 - Territory
Territory is both land and territorial waters
over which the nation has sovereignty
Art 5 Right of non-scheduled flight
Each state will allow aircraft from all other
contracting states to land without permission
(non-scheduled) or to overfly their territory.
They may require over-flights to follow specific
routeings
Art 10 Customs airports
A state may require a aircraft entering to land,
or departing airspace to take-off, at a customs
airport
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DOC 7300 - continued
Art 11 Applicability of regulations
An aircraft must obey the regulations of the
state it is flying in
Art 12 Rules of the Air
Each state will ensure that all aircraft follow
their rules of the air. Over high seas the
convention law applies.
Art 13 Entry and Clearance Regulations
All regulations regarding entry, clearance,
immigration, passports, customs and quarantine
must be adhered to by pilots, passengers, crew
and cargo
Art 16 Search of Aircraft
Every state has the right to search an aircraft
landing from another state or prior to its
departure and to check documents
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DOC 7300 - continued
Art 22 Facilitation of Formalities
Each state will ensure that formalities do not
delay an aircraft unduly
Art 23 Customs and Immigration Procedures
Each state shall establish customs and
immigration procedures which are in accordance
with international principles
Art 24 Customs Duty
Fuel, Oil, Spare Parts and regular equipment on
board an aircraft (and not being unloaded) shall
be exempt from duty.
Art 29 Documents to be Carried on Aircraft
All aircraft on international flights shall
carry Certificate
of Registration
Certificate of
Airworthiness
Crew Licences

Journey Logbook

Radio Licences

Passenger list

Cargo Manifest
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DOC 7300 nearly there!
Art 30 Aircraft Radio Equipment
Radio equipment must be licensed by the state of
registration and should only be used by crew
members licensed to do so
Art 31 Certificate of Airworthiness
Aircraft shall have a valid C of A from their
State of Registration
Art 32 Licences of Personnel
Pilots shall have licences from the state of
aircraft registration. Each state has the right
to recognise flight crew licences from other
states.
Art 33 Recognition of certificates and licences
If standards are ICAO then states should
recognise C of As and Flight crew licences from
other contracting states
Art 34 Journey Logbooks
All aircraft flying internationally shall carry
details of aircraft, crew and each journey
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DOC 7300 destination in sight
Art 35 Cargo Restrictions
Weapons or munitions of war must not be carried.
On grounds of safety or public order other items
may be prohibited by a state
Art 36 Photographic Equipment
States may chose to prohibit or restrict airborne
photography over its territory
Art 37 Adoption of International Standards and
Procedures
Each state will do its best to implement a
uniform set of regulations, standards and
procedures
Art 39 Endorsement of Certificates and Licences
Any failure to meet international standards shall
be endorsed on aircraft documents and/or flight
crew licences
Art 40 Validity of Endorsed Certificates and
Licences
If a licence permits it, a licence may be used
internationally
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DOC 7300 Annex 7
Aircraft Registration All aircraft shall display
nationality markings
The format, font and size of the lettering is
laid down and shall appear on the underside of
the left wing as well as on the fuselage on both
sides
Identification plates with the aircraft identity
on are required and made from fireproof material
and should be near the main entrance
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DOC 7300 Annex 8
The Certificate of Airworthiness confirms that an
aircraft is considered airworthy in terms of
design, construction, materials, equipment and
flying performance
The C of A is valid for 3 years
Under EASA C of As are non-expiring and are
maintained in force by an Airworthiness Review
Certificate (ARC)
Operating limitations will be noted in the flight
manual or placarded on the aircraft. These may be
loading, structural, or powerplant.
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PRACTICE QUESTION!
If you want to fly your aircraft
internationally, your licence must be issued (or
rendered valid by) who?
The State of Registry
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PRACTICE QUESTION!
If you land in another country, do they have
the right to search your aircraft?
Yes, but without causing undue delay
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PRACTICE QUESTION!
If an aircraft lands in the territory of a
contracting state, are the oil and spare parts on
board subject to duty?
No
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PRACTICE QUESTION!
Where would you find the limitations of an
aircraft as approved?
In the flight manual and on placards in the
cockpit
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UNITED KINGDOM INTEGRATED AERONAUTICAL PACKAGE
AIC
NOTAM
AIP
Part 1 General (GEN)
Part 2 En-Route (ENR)
Part 3 Aerodromes (AD)
ENR 0
AD 0
GEN 0
ENR 1 General Rules and Procedures
AD 1 Aerodromes / Heliports Introduction
GEN 1 National Regulations
Requirements
ENR 2 ATS Airspace
AD 2 Aerodromes
GEN 2 Tables and Codes
ENR 3 ATS Routes
AD 3 Heliports
GEN 3 Services
ENR 4 Navigation Aids
GEN 4 Charges for Aerodromes / Heliports
and Air Navigation Services
ENR 5 Nav Warnings
ENR 6 En-route charts
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RULES OF THE AIR REGULATIONS
Annex 2 of the ICAO Convention on Civil Aviation
Applies to all aircraft within UK
Applies to all UK registered aircraft
UK Rules of the Air Regulations 2007
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UNITED KINGDOM INTEGRATED AERONAUTICAL PACKAGE
The AIP then has Aeronautical Information
Circulars (AIC)
Admin
Operational Air Traffic Services
Air Safety
Restrictions
Maps / Charts
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LOW FLYING 1
(Rules of the Air Regulations 2007, regulation 5)
FAILURE OF A POWER UNIT
An aircraft shall fly high enough to
be able to land without causing damage to persons
or property in the event of a power unit failure
500 FOOT RULE
An aircraft shall not fly
closer than 500 feet to any person, vessel,
vehicle or structure
1000 FOOT RULE
An aircraft shall not fly
within 1000 feet of the highest fixed obstacle
within 600m of the aircraft in a congested area
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LOW FLYING 2
(Rules of the Air Regulations 2007, regulation 5)
LAND CLEAR RULE
An aircraft
shall fly at a height to enable it to land clear
of a congested area in the event of a power unit
failure
FLYING OVER OPEN-AIR ASSEMBLIES
An aircraft shall not fly within
1000 feet of an open-air assembly of 1000 people
or more and be able to glide clear
TAKING-OFF OR LANDING NEAR OPEN-AIR ASSEMBLIES An
aircraft shall not take off or land within 1000
metres of an open-air assembly of 1000 people or
more unless at an aerodrome
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LOW FLYING - EXCEPTIONS
(Rules of the Air Regulations 2007, regulation 6)
The low flying rules would appear to make it
illegal to land! There are exceptions
500 FT RULE Does not apply when landing or
taking off in
accordance with normal aviation
practice
Does not apply to police aircraft
Does not apply to Gliders
hill soaring
Does not apply to an aircraft legally
dropping articles Does not
apply to helicopters operating with normal
practice
1000 FT RULE Does not apply to Special VFR
flights Does not apply to
police aircraft
Does not apply Balloons / Helicopters
Also authorised display aircraft are exempt from
the 500 ft rule if they are within 1000m of the
spectators
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COLLISION AVOIDANCE
(Rules of the Air Regulations 2007, regulation 8)
No aircraft shall fly in such proximity to
another aircraft as to create a danger of
collision
No formation flying unless both agree!
The aircraft with right of way should maintain
height and speed
Aircraft give way to less manoeuvrable aircraft
Glider-Tug combinations are seen as 1 aircraft
Police aircraft are exempt
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RIGHT OF WAY - AIRBORNE
(Rules of the Air Regulations 2007, regulations
9-11)
CONVERGING The aircraft
with the other on its right shall give way
APPROACHING HEAD ON Both aircraft shall
turn to the right
OVERTAKING The
aircraft being overtaken has right of way. The
overtaking aircraft shall pass clear to the right
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RIGHT OF WAY ON THE GROUND
(Rules of the Air Regulations 2007, regulation 42)
CONVERGING The aircraft
with the other on its right shall give way
APPROACHING HEAD ON Both aircraft shall
turn to the right
OVERTAKING The
aircraft being overtaken has right of way. The
overtaking aircraft shall pass clear to the left
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LANDING AND TAKING OFF
(Rules of the Air Regulations 2007, regulation 14)
Take-off and Landing shall be as indicated (or
into wind if no direction indicated)
An aircraft shall not land on a runway which is
occupied by another aircraft unless specifically
cleared
Unless cleared, an aircraft shall move clear of
the runway as soon as possible
Where landing or taking off is not confined to a
runway, aircraft shall keep to the left of other
aircraft on the ground
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AEROBATICS
(Rules of the Air Regulations 2007, regulation 15)
An aircraft shall not carry out any aerobatic
manoeuvre over a congested area of a town, city
or settlement
An aircraft requires permission of ATC to conduct
aerobatics within controlled airspace
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RIGHT HAND TRAFFIC RULE
(Rules of the Air Regulations 2007, regulation 16)
When following a line feature (coast, road,
railway line etc) an aircraft shall fly so that
the feature is on its left
i.e. Fly to the right!
Does not apply in controlled airspace if given an
instruction
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SPEED LIMITS
(Rules of the Air Regulations 2007, regulation 21)
Below FL 100
Unless Class A airspace
Class B airspace
Class C airspace
Class D airspace IFR
Flying exhibitions / displays
With CAA permission
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AIRCRAFT SIGNALS
WHITE LANDING LIGHT on
nose or on wing
(Rules of the Air Regulations 2007, regulations
45-55)
RED NAVIGATION LIGHT
port side
GREEN NAVIGATION LIGHT
starboard side
FLASHING BEACON If fitted
must be working any time engine(s) running
WHITE NAVIGATION LIGHT on
tail
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AIRCRAFT SIGNALS
Dead ahead to 110
Rear Anti-Collision Light must be on and working
when engine(s) are running if fitted to the
aircraft
Dead ahead to 110
If any light fails that is required the aircraft
must not get airborne.
If already airborne, aircraft must land as soon
as is practical
360
70 either side
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OTHER AIRCRAFT LIGHTS FOR NIGHT
HOT AIR BALLOONS 5m and 10m steady red lights
visible in all directions
AIRSHIPS Lights as per aeroplanes
GLIDERS Steady red light visible in all directions
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AIRCRAFT SIGNALS
Knowing the lights on aircraft is important for
collision avoidance at night
Green to green all is serene
Green to red you could be dead
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AIRCRAFT INTERCEPTION
ICAO Convention article 9
CAA Safety Sense Leaflet 11 contains all the ICAO
interception procedures
Schedule 11 of the ANO requires all UK aircraft
to carry a copy of these interception procedures
on all international flights
Interception procedures are a last resort for
security purposes.
However, being shot down is the next step. So not
exactly a last resort!
Ensure you are familiar with this leaflet if you
are making an international flight
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PRACTICE QUESTION!
On a Special VFR Flight (SVFR) which of the low
flying rules does not apply?
The 1000 ft rule
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VISUAL METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS
Inside Controlled Airspace (Class C, D E)
Visibility minimum 5km below FL100 8km above
FL100
1,000 ft vertically clear of cloud
1500m horizontally clear of cloud
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VISUAL METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS
Outside Controlled Airspace (Class F G) Above
3,000 ft amsl
Visibility minimum 5km below FL100 8km above
FL100
1,000 ft vertically clear of cloud
1500m horizontally clear of cloud
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VISUAL METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS
Outside Controlled Airspace (Class F G) Below
3,000 feet amsl
Clear of Cloud
Visibility 5km (3km for IMC
rated) (1500m if below 140 kts IAS)
In sight of the surface
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VISUAL METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS
Visual Meteorological Conditions (VMC) are
weather conditions which allow flight under the
Visual Flight Rules (VFR)
Bear in mind that these minima may be less
restrictive than your licence privileges
In this case the more restrictive condition
applies
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JAA PPL WEATHER MINIMA
UK Air Navigation Order Schedule 9
A PPL(A) holder must, therefore, always be in
sight of the surface
You must have at least 3km visibility
The VMC minima of 1500m DOES NOT apply to you!
Special VFR allows flight in Class A airspace
that would normally be unavailable to a VFR
pilot. A PPL(A) holder needs 10km visibility to
fly a special VFR (SVFR) routeing
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INSTRUMENT METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS
Instrument Meteorological Conditions (IMC) are
weather conditions which require flight under the
Instrument Flight Rules
An easy one! if its not VMC then it must be
IMC!
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VISUAL FLIGHT RULES INSIDE CONTROLLED AIRSPACE
(Rules of the Air Regulations 2007, regulation 27)
CLASS A
No VFR flight is permitted inside Class A airspace
Special VFR may be available on certain routes
within certain Class A CTRs
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VISUAL FLIGHT RULES INSIDE CONTROLLED AIRSPACE
CLASS C CLASS D
CLASS E
Separation
Traffic Info.
VMC Minima
Speed Limit
Radio required?
Clearance required?
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VISUAL FLIGHT RULES OUTSIDE CONTROLLED AIRSPACE
(Rules of the Air Regulations 2007, regulation 28)
CLASS F CLASS G
Separation from other traffic not provided unless
under a deconfliction service
If below 140kts - Clear of cloud, in sight of the
surface with 5km visibility required if below
3000ft agl
Speed limit applies
Radio not required
ATC Clearance not Required
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VISUAL FLIGHT RULES OUTSIDE CONTROLLED AIRSPACE
CLASS F G AIRSPACE EXCEPTIONS
VFR flight is still possible with in-flight
visibility down to 1500m
However! Without a valid IMC rating or Instrument
Rating, a pilot cannot fly in this because their
licence does not allow flight in visibility this
poor.
VFR on top is used often to imply flight above
a cloud layer whilst still following the visual
flight rules. This is ILLEGAL in the UK and
ILLEGAL by anyone with a UK licence
You must always adhere to the most restrictive
regulation
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INSTRUMENT FLIGHT RULES
(Rules of the Air Regulations 2007, regulations
32-37)
FLIGHT PLAN
Before taking off from
controlled airspace or flying into controlled
airspace a flight plan must be filed
POSITION REPORTS
must be made where required, and all ATC
clearances and notified procedures shall be
complied with
MINIMUM HEIGHT RULE Must be
at least 1000ft above the highest fixed obstacle
within 5nm of the aircraft
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INSTRUMENT FLIGHT RULES
SEMI-CIRCULAR HEIGHT RULE Above 19,500 feet
QUADRANTAL HEIGHT RULE Below 19,500 feet
ODD FL
EVEN FL 500ft
21,000 ft 23,000 ft 25,000 ft 27,000 ft etc.
22,000 ft 24,000 ft 26,000 ft 28,000 ft etc
EVEN FL
ODD FL 500ft
(Above 41,000 intervals are 4000 feet)
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CHOICE OF VFR OR IFR
(Rules of the Air Regulations 2007, regulation 20)
IN CLOUD? (IMC) You must fly IFR
VISUAL CONDITIONS? (VMC) You can
chose VFR or IFR
AT NIGHT? You must fly IFR
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CLASSIFICATION OF AIRSPACE
CLASS A
Airways
Terminal Manoeuvring Areas (TMA). Controlled
Zones (CTR) Controlled Areas (CTA)
Controlled Airspace
Uncontrolled Airspace
CLASS B
Upper Airspace
FL245 (24,500 ft) and above
CLASS F
Advisory Routes Requires
Flight Plan All
aircraft receive ATC Advisories
CLASS C
FL195 (19,500 ft) and above VFR Lanes
available
CLASS D
Some CTR / CTAs Scottish
TMA 6000 ft Some ATZs
CLASS G
Open FIR
Everything Else
CLASS E
Scottish TMA below 6000 ft Belfast TMA
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CLASSIFICATION OF AIRSPACE
CLASS A IFR only and all flights controlled and
separated by ATC at all times
CLASS C IFR VFR. Flights controlled.
Separation provided for IFR traffic only.
VFR gets information.
CLASS D IFR VFR. Flights controlled.
Separation provided for IFR/IFR only.
Information for and about VFR flights
CLASS D IFR VFR. Flights controlled.
Separation provided for IFR/IFR only. Other
information available if practicable
CLASS F IFR VFR. Participating IFR get
advisory service. All others get information
as requested
CLASS G IFR VFR. Traffic Information
available if requested
Note there is no Class B airspace in the UK
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AIRSPACE AIRWAYS
Airways are a form of Control Area but in a
corridor
Always based on navigational aids (usually as a
centreline of the airway)
Airways are identified (e.g. A25, R8) and is 5nm
either side of a centreline
All Airways are Class A airspace
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AIRSPACE TERMINAL CONTROL ZONE (TMA)
A TMA (from previous terminal manoeuvring area)
is established where many airspace routes
converge in the vicinity of a major aerodrome
4 in the UK London (Class A)
Manchester
(Class A)
Belfast (Class E)

Scottish (Class D)
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AIRSPACE CONTROL ZONE (CTR)
A CTR is airspace around certain aerodromes where
ATC is provided to all flights
CTRs extend from ground level to a specified level
Minimum dimension is 5nm either side of the
centre of the aerodromes approach path
Example Edinburgh CTR, Newcastle CTR, Belfast CTR
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AIRSPACE CONTROL AREA (CTA)
Airspace which begins above ground level from a
specified level to a specified level
Examples in UK Daventry and Worthing CTA
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AIRSPACE AERODROME TRAFFIC ZONES (ATZ)
ATZs take on the airspace classification from the
airspace they are found
Standard dimensions 2000 ft above ground level,
2nm radius from longest r/w
If longest r/w is over 1850m then radius is 2.5nm
Traffic must have permission to fly in an ATZ and
maintain a listening watch
2000 ft agl
2nm or 2.5nm radius
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AIRSPACE MILITARY AERODROME TRAFFIC ZONES (MATZ)
Specified airspace around a military aerodrome
Clearance is not required to enter a MATZ but it
is poor airmanship
The ATZ within a MATZ is still controlled airspace
Dimensions 5 nm radius, 5nm long stub

4nm wide stub

3,000 ft agl

2,000 ft deep stub

1,000 ft from ground to base of stub
5, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1!
2,000 ft
3,000 ft agl
4 nm wide
5nm radius
5 nm long
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AIRSPACE DEPICTIONS ON CHART EXAMPLE
Class D CTAs
Standard 2nm ATZ
Class A LTMA
Class D CTR
It is worthwhile taking the time to study your
chart and the legend!
2.5 nm ATZ
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AIRSPACE PROHIBITED, RESTRICTED AND DANGER AREAS
PROHIBITED AREAS are areas in which flight is
prohibited
Defined upper limit is given on the chart
RESTRICTED AREAS are areas in which flight is
restricted according to
certain criteria (for example, apply only to
helicopters)
DANGER AREAS are areas in which activities
dangerous to flight occur
A Danger Area Crossing Service (DACS) is
available for some Danger Areas and all have a
Danger Area Activity Information Service (DAAIS)
Solid Lines indicate permanent airspace, pecked
lines are activated by NOTAM
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AIRSPACE OTHER HAZARDS
Areas of Intense Aerial Activity (AIAAs) known
busy areas. A contact frequency will be indicated
High-Intensity Radio Transmission Area (HIRTA)
can lead to interference and damage to radio and
navigation equipment and may be hazardous to
health (but only for the boys!)
Parachute Drop Site freefall parachutists can
be expected in a circle radius 1.5 or 2nm up to
FL150. Night operations are also likely
Gas Venting pilots are advised to avoid
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AIRSPACE OTHER HAZARDS
Permanent Laser emission sites advised to avoid
Gliding Site with maximum height agl winch launch
Gliding site with winch launch and other activity
Gliding site without winch launch but with other
activity
Hang-gliding or Para-gliding activity
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Lecture I Complete Any Questions?
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AIR LAW II
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LECTURE TWO ATC, ALTIMETERS, AERODROMES,
ACCIDENTS LICENCES
1. Air Traffic Services
2. Basic, Traffic, Deconfliction Procedural RT
Services
3. Air Traffic Services Emergencies
4. Altimeter Setting Procedures
5. Aerodromes Approach and Definitions
6. Aerodromes Signals
7. Accidents Incidents, Search Rescue
8. Licensing
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AIR TRAFFIC SERVICES
Prevention of Collision between aircraft on the
ground or in the air
So why do we need Air Traffic Control?
Prevention of Collision between aircraft and
objects at aerodromes
Expedite and maintain an orderly flow of traffic
Provide advice and information for the safe and
efficient conduct of flights
Notification of and Cooperation with Search and
Rescue
Plus someone to talk to!
65
AIR TRAFFIC SERVICES
Area Control Centre (ACC) Services Air Traffic
Control Service for IFR traffic in airways
Air Traffic Advisory Service for traffic on
advisory routes Flight Information Service and
Alerting Service Distress and
Diversion Service
Aerodrome Traffic Services Air Traffic Control
for traffic in ATZ or in the vicinity
Aerodrome Control / Approach Control on busy
aerodromes
Flight Information Services (FIS) Air / Ground
Radio Stations
Safetycom (134.75)
Open FIR Air Traffic Services Lower Airspace
Radar Service (LARS)
Available up to and including FL195 within
30nm of the nominated unit
66
FLIGHT INFORMATION REGIONS
UK airspace is divided into 2 Flight Information
Regions Scottish and London
FIRs extend up to 24,500 ft (FL245)
Upper Information Regions (UIRs) extend above
this with the same sub-divisions
Within this, airspace is sub-divided into 7
classes (A-G) and then also other areas and zones
67
AIR TRAFFIC SERVICES
The type of ATC provision depends upon types of
traffic involved, density of traffic and
meteorological conditions
At Wycombe Air Park we have a full tower
provision due to the mix of traffic high wing
light aircraft, low wing light aircraft,
helicopters and gliders
At weekends and on other busy days / periods
there are two frequencies in use Ground and
Tower
Wycombe Air Park is regularly logged as being
busier than London Heathrow airport!
68
AIR TRAFFIC SERVICES
There are 4 levels of service you can request
from a controller
BASIC SERVICE
TRAFFIC SERVICE
DECONFLICTION SERVICE
PROCEDURAL SERVICE
Which service you ask for depends on the level of
service you require, your flight conditions and
the station you are communicating with
69
BASIC SERVICE
Advice and information useful to the safe and
efficient conduct of flights
Aimed to give the pilot maximum autonomy
Pilot responsible for
ATC responsible for
No requirements for monitoring flights or giving
traffic information Have pressure setting
information if asked
Avoidance of Traffic Terrain Clearance Change
heading, route or level without advising the
controller
Available to IFR and VFR but probably not
appropriate for IMC
70
TRAFFIC SERVICE
Radar Based Service where the basic service is
added to by radar-derived traffic information
Only available from controllers with radar
Pilot responsible for
ATC responsible for
Traffic Avoidance Terrain Clearance Navigation Lev
el selection
Identification of Aircraft Relevant traffic
information Headings / Levels for sequencing but
not deconfliction
Available to IFR and VFR advise controller if
you are VMC if given a heading or level that
requires flight into cloud
71
DECONFLICTION SERVICE
Surveillance based service so controller can
control traffic through heading or level
instruction and to achieve separation minima
Requires 5nm lateral separation ad 3,000 feet
vertically.
Pilot responsible for
ATC responsible for
Terrain Avoidance Traffic Avoidance (if
instructions are not followed) Own navigation or
controlled nav
Identification of aircraft Traffic information
and avoiding action Heading and Level
instructions
Available to IFR and VFR you will need to
accept any heading or level instruction so not
really suitable if you are VMC-only
72
PROCEDURAL SERVICE
Controller provides additional heading, level and
time instructions to achieve deconfliction from
PARTICIPATING traffic
No radar facility so not all traffic will be
avoided
Pilot responsible for
ATC responsible for
Terrain Clearance Obtain clearance to change
heading or level
No identification required Deconfliction minima
for participating traffic May issue squawks for
other radar controllers
Available to IFR and VFR but may require IMC
flight do not accept a procedural service if
IMC is not legal
73
AIR TRAFFIC SERVICES
Remember that ATC are there for your benefit and
not the other way around!
You think a radar controller is seeing this
The radar controller sees
ATC is like Tetris the sooner the screen is
clear the better!
If ATC instruct you to do something you are
unable to do, would be illegal to comply with, or
you dont want to tell them!
74
AIR TRAFFIC SERVICES
However, if you need assistance, ask as soon as
you can
A good example is the Avianca Flight 52
example Boeing 707 in January 1990 travelling
from Bogota to New York Running
out of fuel

Controller asks are you declaring a fuel
emergency on a number of occasions
Each time Pilot says no

First approach
went wrong in windshear and the aircraft went
around ATC Climb 2000 feet
Pilot We are running out of fuel, sir

ATC You need to climb

Pilot No, we are running out of fuel ATC
Avianca 52 are you declaring a fuel emergency?
ATC Avianca 52?

ATC Avianca
52 do you read me?
ATC Avianca 52
how do you read
73 people killed
75
AIR TRAFFIC SERVICES EMERGENCIES
The transponder in the aircraft sends information
regarding the aircraft position to an
interrogating ground station
If mode C is selected, it also sends altitude
information
7000 is used as the code in the UK for conspicuity
7500 Hijack / Unlawful Interference
75 taken alive 76 in a fix 77 going to
heaven
7600 Radio Failure
7700 Emergency
76
ALTIMETER SETTING PROCEDURES BASICS
As an aircraft gains altitude the atmospheric
pressure it is subjected to DECREASES
The altimeter senses pressure and converts it to
a scale displayed as feet
An altimeter is only as accurate as the setting
that has been selected
A subscale knob allows the pilot to select a
datum above which a vertical displacement is shown
77
ALTIMETER SETTING PROCEDURES
The UK has 20 altimeter setting regions
Regional Pressure Setting (RPS) is used rather
than airfield pressure settings
Leads to better conformity of aircraft altimeter
settings and reduces pilot workload
The actual QNH will always make the aircraft
indicate higher than it is this is on the safe
side
The RPS is updated every hour
78
ALTIMETER SETTING REGIONS
The chart of the UK Regional Pressure Setting
Regions can be found in the UK AIP En-route
Section
If things are going really badly and you are
really lost there is one final option the
colour code option
79
ALTIMETER SETTING REGIONS
80
ALTIMETER SETTING PROCEDURES DEFINITIONS
QNH Nautical Height

Mean Sea Level Pressure

Altimeter reads Altitude
QFE Field Elevation

Aerodrome Surface Pressure

Altimeter reads Height
(above that particular airfield)
Standard Pressure 1013.2 mb Pressure Level

Used when terrain
clearance is no longer an issue

Altimeter reads Flight Level (FL)
81
ALTIMETER SETTING PROCEDURES EXAMPLE
Different altimeter settings / readings but
consistent level
ALT
ALT
ALT
Height 2,500 ft
Flight Level 35
Altitude 4,000 ft
QNH 1030mb
QFE 980mb
Standard1013mb
82
ALTIMETER SETTING PROCEDURES TRANSITION ALTITUDE
Aircraft Flying on 1013 mb (FL)
Transition Level
Unavailable only for passage through
TRANSITION LAYER
Transition Altitude
Aircraft Flying on QNH
83
ALTIMETER SETTING PROCEDURES FLIGHT LEVEL GRAPH
Step 1 Draw a vertical line up from the QNH
until it meets a slanted FL line
Step 2 Read horizontally across to the
equivalent altitude
Minimum Altitude (ft)
Magnetic Track
84
ALTIMETER SETTING REGIONS
Above transition Set 1013 mb
Complex Cross-country Flight
Descent below transition set RPS
MATZ set airfield QFE
More than 20nm away set RPS
Land on airfield QFE
Take off on airfield QNH
85
ALTIMETER SETTING REGIONS
Simple Cross-country Flight
Change to next RPS
More than 20nm away set RPS
Change to next RPS
Take off on airfield QNH
Land on airfield QFE
86
PRACTICE QUESTION!
In the vicinity of an airfield, what pressure
setting should be on the altimeter
Airfield QNH
87
FLIGHT IN THE VICINITY OF AN AERODROME
(Rules of the Air Regulations 2007, regulations
12, 13)
An aircraft shall conform to, or keep clear of,
the circuit pattern
All turns to the left unless otherwise indicated
ATC nominated landing order shall be followed
An aircraft on final approach has right of way
over other airborne or ground-based aircraft
Emergency traffic always has right of way and any
previous clearances are cancelled
88
AERODROME APPROACH
When arriving at an airfield you should make RT
contact and comply with instructions given
The normal method of joining a circuit is the
standard overhead join more of which later
Other methods of joining are downwind join, base
leg join, long final approach
In the US joining procedures are very different
make sure you understand the procedures for the
country you are flying in and for the airfield
you are approaching
Information is available direct from each
airfield, or use an airfield guide such as Pooleys
89
AERODROME APPROACH
90
NOTIFICATION OF ARRIVAL OR DEPARTURE
(Rules of the Air Regulations 2007, regulation 17)
If an aerodrome knows you are on your way and you
change your mind or are going to be more than 45
minutes late you MUST inform them of this
whatever the reason
You must tell your departure airfield where you
intend landing
If you are exiting UK airspace you must file a
flight plan
91
RUNWAY SURFACE CONDITIONS
DAMP
Change in colour due to moisture
WET
Surface soaked but no standing water
WATER PATCHES Significant
standing water visible
FLOODED Extensive
standing water visible
92
PRACTICE QUESTION!
What does WET mean when applied to a runways
condition?
The surface is soaked but there is no standing
water
93
AERODROMES ICAO TERMINOLOGY
TORA, TODA, Clearway
Clearway
Take-off run available (TORA)
Take-off distance available
(TODA)
1st significant obstruction
94
AERODROMES ICAO TERMINOLOGY
Take-off run available (TORA)
No stopway available
Accelerate-Stop Distance Available (ASDA)
Take-off run available (TORA)
Stopway
1st significant obstruction
Accelerate-Stop Distance Available (ASDA)
95
AERODROMES ICAO TERMINOLOGY
50ft
Landing Distance Available (LDA)
96
PRACTICE QUESTION!
What is the take-off run available plus the
clearway also known as?
Take-off distance available
97
SIGNALS SQUARE
These are becoming rarer each year but this is
what you are looking for!
98
AERODROME SIGNALS AND MARKINGS SIGNALS SQUARES
(Rules of the Air Regulations 2007, regulations
56-60)
White Signals T Signifies landing direction
land towards the cross arm parallel to the long
section
White Signals T with white ball Take-off and
Landing directions not necessarily the same
99
AERODROME SIGNALS AND MARKINGS
WHITE DUMBELL Movement of aircraft shall be
confined to paved, metalled or hard surfaced areas
WHITE DUMBELL WITH BLACK STRIPES Landing on a
runway but other movement of aircraft shall NOT
be confined to paved, metalled or hard surfaced
areas
100
AERODROME SIGNALS AND MARKINGS
RED AND YELLOW ARROW Signifies a right hand
circuit is in force
RED SQUARE, YELLOW DIAGONAL Signifies the state
of the manoeuvring area is poor and pilots should
take precautions
101
AERODROME SIGNALS AND MARKINGS
RED SQUARE, YELLOW CROSS Signifies aerodrome is
unsafe. Landing prohibited.
WHITE H Helicopters must only land within the
area specified
102
AERODROME SIGNALS AND MARKINGS
RED L Light aircraft may land on the runway or
on another (specified) area
WHITE DOUBLE-CROSS Gliding is in progress
103
AERODROME SIGNALS AND MARKINGS
BLACK C ON YELLOW BACKGROUND Indicates where
the person in charge of the aerodrome and/or ATC
can be found. This is where you go to book in/out
of an airfeld and to pay landing fees
BLACK BALL ON MAST Direction of Landing and take
off may not coincide RED / YELLOW CHEQUERED
FLAG Traffic may only move with permission of
ATC DOUBLE RED BALL Glider flying is in progress
104
AERODROME SIGNALS AND MARKINGS TAXIWAY MARKING
DOUBLE WHITE CROSSES (or more) Section of runway
or taxiway marked is unavailable
DOUBLE YELLOW SOLID, DOUBLE YELLOW BROKEN
LINES Signify a runway entrance / exit. Do not
cross the solid lines first without permission.
Can cross broken line first to exit runway
without permission
105
AERODROME SIGNALS AND MARKINGS TAXIWAY MARKING
YELLOW LADDER A holding point that requires
permission from ATC to cross
ORANGE AND WHITE FENCES Signifies the edge of the
usable area. Beyond this area is unfit for the
movement of aircraft
106
AERODROME SIGNALS AND MARKINGS TAXIWAY MARKING
ORANGE AND WHITE MARKERS Signifies the edge of
the usable area. Beyond this area is unfit for
the movement of aircraft. Used on unpaved areas.
ORANGE AND WHITE MARKINGS ON STRUCTURES Signifies
boundary of aerodrome
107
AERODROMES - BEACONS
Civil Aerodrome beacons are GREEN
Military Aerodrome beacons are RED
They both flash in Morse code a 2-letter
identifier for the airfield
For example, at Wycombe Air Park the green beacon
flashes WP
108
AERODROME GROUND LIGHTS MARKINGS
Surface markings are WHITE for runways and YELLOW
for taxi-ways and aprons
Runway end lights are unidirectional and RED
Taxi-way edge lighting is BLUE
Runway side lights are WHITE
Runway start lights are unidirectional and GREEN
At large airfields they colour code to indicate
approaching the end
109
PRACTICE QUESTION!
What colour are taxi-way markings and what
colour are runway markings?
Yellow for taxi-ways and white for runways
110
AERODROME SIGNALS LIGHT SIGNALS
(Rules of the Air Regulations 2007, regulation 61)
111
AERODROME SIGNALS LIGHT SIGNALS
112
AERODROME SIGNALS LIGHT SIGNALS
113
AERODROME SIGNALS LIGHT SIGNALS
114
AERODROME SIGNALS MARSHALLING
There are many marshalling signals used here
are the main ones
Straight ahead Turn Left
Turn Right
Stop Emergency
Stop Brakes on / release
115
ACCIDENTS AND INCIDENTS
Incident An occurrence other than an accident
which affects or could affect the safety of
aircraft operation
Accident An event in which the aircraft
sustains significant damage or causes personal
injury
Not considered an accident Injuries are from
natural causes or self-inflicted Any injury to a
stowaway Engine
failure
Damage limited to propellers, wing tips,
antennae, tyres, brakes, fairings, dents and
punctures to aircraft skin
Aircraft is missing (SAR terminated)
116
ACCIDENTS AND INCIDENTS
In the UK, the aircraft commander must
notify Chief Inspector of Air Accidents

Local Police as soon as possible
117
REPORTING HAZARDOUS CONDITIONS
(Rules of the Air Regulations 2007, regulation 4)
Any aircraft encountering hazardous conditions
shall notify the nearest air traffic control unit
as soon as possible
That unit is then responsible for giving the
information to any other traffic that may be
affected
Examples of hazardous conditions windshear,
clear air icing, un-forecast electrical storms
etc.
118
PRACTICE QUESTION!
What does a red square with a yellow diagonal
cross in a signals area signify to an overflying
aircraft?
Landing prohibited
119
FIRE RESCUE SERVICES
You will soon become familiar with Wycombe Air
Parks fire crew because they are also
responsible for Fuelling and Aircraft
handling Hopefully for no other reason!
Their real job, however, is fire-fighting and
rescue from aircraft
Our fire crew have to be able to get to any point
on the airfield, following an alarm, within 2
minutes all kitted up and ready to assist
120
FLIGHT PLANS
Required for flight in
Class A airspace
Controlled airspace IMC / Night
Controlled airspace IFR (IMC or VMC) Class D
IFR or VFR (usually done via RT) Scottish or
London UIRs Crossing an FIR
boundary
Think of a flight plan as a wish list it is
what you want to happen on a flight
ATC may have other ideas!
Now submitted via the internet direct to
Eurocontrol
121
ALERTING SERVICE
The alerting service is only put into a ready
state if a pilot files a flight plan
When an aircraft gets airborne on a flight plan
it is essential that the parent unit gets the
departure time. This means the alerting service
is now armed
If the aircraft fails to arrive within 30 minutes
of the flight-plan arrival time, the alerting
service is activated
An active alert leads to search and rescue
122
SEARCH AND RESCUE
Alerting service available to all traffic known
to Air Traffic Service Units (ATSU)
Action is normally initiated by the ATSU last in
communication with the missing aircraft
All action controlled by a Rescue Coordination
Centre (joint civil / military)
The emergency frequency 121.5 MHz is constantly
monitored
Auto-triangulation is available on this frequency
123
SEARCH AND RESCUE
There are 3 phases of an operation
UNCERTANTY

as soon as action is initiated.
Rescue Coordination
Centre begins to coordinate all parties
ALERT

All Search and Rescue Units notified

Any necessary action notified
DISTRESS

SAR units initiate action

Last known position and circle of uncertainty
established operator notified

all
adjacent rescue and ATC notified
All
local traffic requested early for likely
assistance notify
state of registry
notify
appropriate accident investigation authorities
124
SEARCH AND RESCUE
Standard ground-to-air Search and Rescue Visual
Signals
V
Require assistance
Understood by the aircraft rocking wings (day
time) or flashing lights (night)
X
Require medical assistance
Proceeding in this direction
Y
Yes / Affirm
N
No / Negative
125
AIR TRAFFIC SERVICES EMERGENCIES
URGENCY The aircraft has an urgent message to
transmit concerning the safety of a ship,
aircraft, vehicle or property, or of a person on
board or within sight of the aircraft
Pan call should be made on the frequency in use
or on 121.5 MHz
Examples low fuel, pilot unwell, pilot unsure of
position (lost)
DISTRESS The aircraft is in imminent danger and
requires immediate help
Mayday call should be made on the frequency in
use or on 121.5 MHz
Examples engine failure, pilot incapacitation,
fire
126
PRACTICE QUESTION!
What is the transponder code for hijack?
7500
127
STUDENT PILOTS!
JAR-FCL states that each nations authority
should ensure that the privileges granted would
not permit student pilots to constitute a hazard
to aviation!
Students may begin logging flight-time towards
licence issue at the age of 14
Students must be at least 16 years of age to fly
solo
Student solo flights must have been authorised by
a qualified flight instructor
Students must hold a valid Class 1 or Class 2
medical in order to fly solo
128
INSTRUCTION IN FLYING
Instruction may only be given in flying by a
pilot who holds a valid instructor rating
We will be talking with you about instructor
ratings later on in your course. Some pilots
may wish to complete their FI rating following
their CPL training and delaying their IR until
they have some more hours This may be a better
option dependent on the airline industry at the
time!
129
PRIVATE PILOT LICENCE
From driving licence to flying licence you need
7 theoretical knowledge exams passed
45 hours total time
RT practical exam passed
10 hours solo
Flying Skill test passed
5 hours cross-country solo
150nm cross-country solo flight with 2 away
landings
Previous flight time in any aircraft or other
type of aircraft licence may adjust these
requirements with some form of credit
You dont have to have a driving licence!
130
PRIVATE PILOT LICENCE
You must be at least 17 years of age and hold a
Class 1 or Class 2 medical
A PPL allows the holder to act as Pilot in
Command or Co-pilot of any aircraft engaged on a
non-revenue flight
You will also need a Class or Type Rating that
relates to the aircraft being flown
There are also currency and weather requirements
more of these later!
131
PRACTICE QUESTION!
Who has ultimate responsibility for anything
that occurs on a flight
The pilot in command
132
GOT YOUR LICENCE HOW DO YOU KEEP IT LEGAL?
All licences are issued for a maximum of 5 years
To get the licence re-issued you will need a
valid class or type rating and a valid medical.
(And pay the CAA some money)
You will get your licence issued with a Single
Engine Piston (Land) Rating which is valid for 2
years.
To carry passengers you must have completed 3
take-offs and 3 landings in the preceding 90 days
You need to keep this rating valid to fly single
engine aircraft on your licence.
There are a few ways of doing this
133
GOT YOUR LICENCE HOW DO YOU KEEP IT LEGAL?
You must also keep your medical current
Class 2 medical is valid for 60 months if you are
under 40 (24 months 40-49 and 12
months 50 and over)
Class 1 medical is valid for 12 months
Details are in JAR-FCL 3
134
GOT YOUR LICENCE HOW DO YOU KEEP IT LEGAL?
Medical is current but.
Do you need to tell the CAA?
You must not exercise the privileges of your
licence if you are aware of any decrease in your
medical fitness which might render you unsafe
You must tell the CAA (via your AME usually) if
you Are admitted into hospital for more than 12
hours
Have surgery or an invasive procedure

Are regularly using medication

Are newly needing corrective lenses

Any illness which means you are unfit
to fly for more than 21 days
It is confirmed that you are pregnant
135
GOT YOUR LICENCE HOW DO YOU KEEP IT LEGAL?
Option 1
Year 1 do as much flying as you please but NONE
of it will count towards
revalidating your SEP rating
Year 2 12 hours flight time of which 6 hours
solo flight time, 12 take-offs and
landings, a flight of 1 hour duration with a
flight instructor.
Option 2
No hour requirement just do a Skill Test with
an examiner in the second year. This is also
what you will need to do if your SEP rating
expires.
Remember to get your SEP revalidated in your
licence!
136
LOGBOOKS!
You also must ensure that your logbook has your
name and address written in it
You must total each page but ask an instructor
how to do this most people do it the wrong way!
Each page should then be signed
You must surrender your logbook to the CAA if
they request it. ALWAYS take a photocopy if you
are going to send your logbook anywhere.
If you lose your logbook you will need to
re-write it and get an affidavit from a solicitor
confirming that it is correct. This can be
expensive and time-consuming
137
LOGBOOKS!
You must fill in your logbook at the earliest
opportunity after a flight has taken place
P/UT
1000
GWACH
A. PILOT
01.01.12
EGTB
1042
C152
EGTB
1 1
Ex 7(1), 8(1) R/W 24R
0.7
Durations of flights in decimals (where 0.1 6
minutes. Much easier to add up at the bottom of
the page!
138
LOGBOOKS!
Pilots operating capacity
Pilot in Command (PIC)

The person who, for the time being, is in charge
of piloting the aircraft without being under the
direction of any other pilot in the aircraft
Pilot under Training (PuT)

A pilot undergoing training flying with a
suitably qualified flying instructor
Pilot in Command under Supervision (PICUS)
Used by the CAA
for denoting a test flight flown with an examiner
which was successful and where the examiner took
no part in the control of the aircraft
139
LOGBOOKS!
Day or night? Night is considered to be 30
minutes after sunset until 30 minutes
before
sunrise Or From the end of evening civil
twilight until the beginning of morning civil
twilight on the following day
And you thought it was just when it got dark!
140
CLASS RATINGS
Single Engine Piston (Land)
Single Engine Piston (Sea)
Touring Motor Glider
Multi Engine Piston (Land)
Single Engine Turboprop (Sea)
Single Engine Turboprop (Land)
Multi Engine Piston (Sea)
141
TYPE RATINGS
Type ratings are required for
All multi-pilot aircraft
All single-pilot multi-engine turboprop /
turbojet aircraft
All single-pilot single-engine turbojet aircraft
Any other aircraft considered necessary
Military, ex-military, experimental or vintage
aircraft
142
INSTRUMENT RATINGS
JAR-FCL states that a pilot must not operate
under IFR unless they hold an instrument rating
(or are a student flying with an instructor who
holds an IR)
The UK disagrees!
In the UK on your PPL(A) you may fly under IFR
outside controlled airspace as long as you are VMC
You may add an IMC rating to your licence which
will allow IFR flight in IMC under certain
conditions and in certain classes of airspace
This is all subject to change under EASA
143
LICENSING STATE OF ISSUE
Your training may be completed in more than one
state
Your licence will be issued by one member state
who will then be the only state who can alter
your licence / add ratings etc
You can change your state of issue to another JAA
state if that makes your life easier!
This is most likely if you end up working for an
airline from another state
Eg. Ryanair Irish Licence not UK
144
PRACTICE QUESTION!
What are the requirements for a PPL(A) holder
to carry passengers?
3 take-offs and landings in the preceding 90
days
145
Syllabus complete Any Questions?