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Valuing the environment: Methods

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Valuing the environment: Methods ex ante vs. ex post ex ante valuation: desirability of proposed action ex post analysis: judge either the success or the damage done ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Valuing the environment: Methods


1
Valuing the environment Methods
2
ex ante vs. ex post
  • ex ante valuation desirability of proposed
    action
  • ex post analysis judge either the success or the
    damage done by implemented actions

3
types of values / total WTP
  • use direct use of resource
  • fish / timber harvested / water extracted
  • option
  • can use it in the future
  • nonuse
  • preserving something will never use
  • e.g., existence value
  • TWP use option nonuse

4
classifying valuation methods
Methods Revealed pref Stated pref
Direct market price contingent valuation

Indirect travel cost attribute-based models
hedonic property conjoint analysis
hedonic wage choice experiments
avoidance expenditures contingent ranking
5
revealed preference
  • based on actual observable choices
  • actual resource values can be inferred
  • how much did fisherman lose from oil spill?
  • how much did catch decline?
  • what is value of lost consumer surplus? (area
    under demand curve) market price

6
classifying valuation methods
Methods Revealed pref Stated pref
Direct market price contingent valuation

Indirect travel cost attribute-based models
hedonic property conjoint analysis
hedonic wage choice experiments
avoidance expenditures contingent ranking
7
stated preference
  • used when value is not directly observable
  • value of northern spotted owl
  • survey respondents for WTP to preserve this
    species contingent valuation

8
contingent valuation (direct, stated)
  • major concern is survey bias
  • strategic bias
  • to influence an outcome
  • information bias
  • little or no experience
  • starting point bias
  • depends on definition of range
  • hypothetical bias
  • contrived set of choices (no consequences)

9
classifying valuation methods
Methods Revealed pref Stated pref
Direct market price contingent valuation

Indirect travel cost attribute-based models
hedonic property conjoint analysis
hedonic wage choice experiments
avoidance expenditures contingent ranking
10
travel cost (indirect / revealed)
  • infer the value of recreational resource using
    info on how much visitors spent getting to a site
  • construct demand curve for wtp for visitor day
  • How far did they travel
  • Entrance fee
  • Account for different stops, etc.

11
classifying valuation methods
Methods Revealed pref Stated pref
Direct market price contingent valuation

Indirect travel cost attribute-based models
hedonic property conjoint analysis
hedonic wage choice experiments
avoidance expenditures contingent ranking
12
hedonic property value(indirect / revealed)
  • use multiple regression analysis to tease out
    environmental component of value
  • use housing prices and break price into
    components ( bedrooms, baths, lot size, crime
    rates, school quality, air quality, etc)
  • measure marginal wtp for discrete changes in each
    attribute
  • coqui frogs as a form of noise pollution

13
classifying valuation methods
Methods Revealed pref Stated pref
Direct market price contingent valuation

Indirect travel cost attribute-based models
hedonic property conjoint analysis
hedonic wage choice experiments
avoidance expenditures contingent ranking
14
hedonic wage(indirect / revealed)
  • similar idea, except isolate component of wage
    that serves to compensate workers in risky
    occupations for taking on the risk
  • high risk gt high wage
  • Tobacco CEOs

15
classifying valuation methods
Methods Revealed pref Stated pref
Direct market price contingent valuation

Indirect travel cost attribute-based models
hedonic property conjoint analysis
hedonic wage choice experiments
avoidance expenditures contingent ranking
16
averting / defensive expenditures (indirect /
revealed)
  • those designed to reduce damage caused by
    pollution by taking averting / defense action
  • air purifiers / bottled water
  • air conditioners to drown out coqui calls?
  • lower bound estimate

17
classifying valuation methods
Methods Revealed pref Stated pref
Direct market price contingent valuation

Indirect travel cost attribute-based models
hedonic property conjoint analysis
hedonic wage choice experiments
avoidance expenditures contingent ranking
18
attribute based models(indirect / stated)
  • useful when project options have multiple levels
    of different attributes
  • survey based, but choosing different states of
    the world
  • each state of the world has set of attributes and
    a price

19
conjoint analysishow to manage a forest?
20
conjoint analysis sample questionnaire
21
benefit transfer
  • transfers existing benefit estimates in new study
  • used when gathering primary data too expensive /
    too little time
  • make sure
  • services being valued are comparable
  • relevant population is comparable
  • if not, are you able to make justifiable
    adjustments?

22
issues in benefit estimation
  • primary vs. secondary effects
  • how far do you go?
  • tangible vs. intangible
  • sensitivity analysis for intangibles (dont
    ignore)

23
issues in cost estimation
  • easier than benefits!
  • approaches survey vs. engineering
  • survey ask how much
  • engineering catalog possible technologies and
    estimate cost of purchasing and implementing them
  • combined approach often best

24
expected value
  • much scientific uncertainty in future costs
  • e.g., climate change, arrival of brown tree
    snakes
  • assess likelihood of possible outcomes (assign
    probabilities)
  • expected present value of net benefits

25
cost-effectiveness analysis
  • if bca unavailable or not reliable
  • set a policy target on some other basis than
    benefits and costs
  • max acceptable pollution level?
  • critical number of species to preserve?
  • cost effectiveness analysis finds lowest cost
    means of accomplishing objective

26
impact analysis
  • if both bca and cost effectiveness not possible
  • attempts to quantify consequences of various
    actions
  • makes no attempt to convert all of consequences
    into
  • not necessarily optimal
  • leaves much up to policymaker
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