MANAGING TWO AND THREE-WHEELER EMISSIONS

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MANAGING TWO AND THREE-WHEELER EMISSIONS

• N.V.IyerAdvisor (Technical)
• Bajaj Auto Ltd, Pune, India
• National Workshop on the Improvement of Urban Air
  Quality of Pakistan13 - 15 December,
  2004Lahore, Pakistan

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PRESENTATION CONTENTS

• Problem definition
• Emission standards
• New vehicles
• In-use vehicle
• Smoke PM Emissions
• Two-stroke v/s Four-stroke
• Fuel conversion programmes
• Fuels lubricants
• The way forward

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MOTORYCLE REGISTRATIONS AROUND THE WORLD
(Source Data World Motorcycle Facts Figures,
HONDA, 1997) Slide Michael Walsh
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DEFINITION OF THE PROBLEM

• Vehicle fleets in most Asian countries comprise
  2-3 wheelers - a majority powered by 2-stroke
  engines
• Major 2-stroke engine pollutants are Particulate
  Matter (PM) and Hydrocarbons (HC) causing serious
  air quality and health problems
• Two wheelers account for a significant proportion
  of vehicular air pollution, particularly HC and
  PM
• There is an urgent need to develop and implement
  strategies to clean up 2 - 3 wheelers

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EMISSION STANDARDS

• An important strategy is to adopt emission
  standards for new and in-use vehicles
• examples India, Taipei,China, Thailand and EU
• Emission standards must be evolved in a
  transparent manner involving all stakeholders
• May consider leapfrogging to Indian standards
  which are among the most stringent

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NEW MOTORCYCLE EMISSION STANDARDS IN TAIPEI,CHINA
AND INDIA
NOTES (1) ALL VALUES ARE IN g/km. (2)
TAIPEI,CHINA STANDARD FOR CO IS WITH COLD START.
(3) FIGURE FOR TAIPEI,CHINA SHOWS 2004 LIMIT FOR
2-STROKE VEHICLES ONLY. FOR 4-STROKES THE LIMIT
IS 2 g/km
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All limit values in g/km
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(No Transcript)
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SOURCE OF SMOKE AND PM EMISSIONS FROM TWO-STROKE
ENGINES (1/2)

• Lubricating oil introduced through intake
  air-fuel mixture either by mixing with petrol or
  by injection
• The entire quantity of oil passes through the
  engine in every cycle of operation (the
  once-through system)
• Small oil droplets of incompletely combusted
  lubricating oil emitted through exhaust appear as
  visible smoke and PM
• Over 98 percent of PM is soluble organic fraction
  (unlike largely carbonaceous in diesel PM)

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SOURCE OF SMOKE AND PM EMISSIONS FROM TWO-STROKE
ENGINES (2/2)
Smoke and PM emissions exacerbated by Use of
inferior grades and excessive quantities of
lubricating oil Use of adulterated fuel
Improper maintenance of engine
Source Masami (2000), World Bank
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CONTROL OF PM EMISSIONS OF 2-STROKE ENGINES
(1/2) (Source JAMA)
PM emission can be controlled by - Reducing the
oil dosage, - Use of superior low smoke
oil - Use of oxidation catalytic converter
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CONTROL OF PM EMISSIONS OF 2-STROKE ENGINES
(2/3)

• No country has emission standards for PM
• EU working towards developing test procedures and
  standards for 2-stroke PM emissions.
• Findings so far are (Source Rijkeboer et al,
  2004)
• Current CVS techniques used for diesel PM would
  be inadequate since large variations occur on
  account of dominant nucleation mode
• Two-stroke particles differ significantly from
  diesel particles and contain large volatile
  fractions
• Understanding of the health effects of 2-stroke
  PM are largely lacking
• Vehicle designed to meet stringent emission
  standards have less PM emissions

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CONTROL OF PM EMISSIONS OF 2-STROKE ENGINES
(3/3)

• India has mandated the use of low smoke (JASO
  FC smoke index) 2-stroke engine (2-T) oil.
• National Capital Territory of Delhi has mandated
  dispensing 2-T oil only pre-mixed with petrol
• All post-2000 2-stroke engines in India use
  oxidation catalytic converters
• Limited tests on post-2000 2-stroke engines with
  catalytic converters, using the current diesel
  test method show PM levels lower than 0.05 g/km
  (below Euro III)

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EMISSION STANDARDS - IN-USE VEHICLES

• In-use standards ensure proper vehicle
  maintenance
• Typical in-use standards regulate CO under idle
  -some countries regulate idle HC and/or smoke
  (opacity)
• Tight in-use standards can be used to force
  older, higher polluting vehicles to be retired or
  moved away from hot-spots
• Test procedure for in-use standards should be
  capable of accurately defining gross polluters
• Experience shows that, to be effective, capacity
  for a strong enforcement is necessary

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IN-USE EMISSION STANDARDS FOR 2 3 WHEELERS OF
SOME ASIAN COUNTRIES
Introduced in India from 1st
October 2004 for post - 2000 vehicles
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PAKISTAN NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY STANDARDS
FOR MOTOR VEHICLE EXHAUST (source
www.punjab.gov.pk/epa/index.htm)

• 1. Smoke
• 40 or 2 on the Ringleman Scale During engine
  acceleration mode.
• To be compared with Ringleman Chart at a distance
  of 6 meters or more.
• 2. Carbon Monoxide
• New Vehicle 4.5
• Used Vehicle 6 Under idling conditions
• non-despersive infrared detection through gas
  analyzer.

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TWO-STROKE VERSUS FOUR-STROKE ENGINES - current
position

• Historically, two-stroke engines are known to
  emit higher levels of PM and HC, but lower levels
  of NOx.
• Due to high ambient PM levels in many Asian
  cities, there is a great interest in replacing
  them or cleaning them up
• Advanced technologies such as fuel injection
  systems have a potential to reduce emissions
• Introduction of stringent emission standards in
  India and changing customer preferences have led
  to an increasing preference for 4-stroke engines
• Penetration of 4-stroke engines in the low-cost
  segments (mopeds and scooters) remains low due to
  advantages of 2-stroke

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RAPIDLY INCREASING PROPORTIONS OF 4-STROKE
MOTORCYCLES IN INDIA IN RECENT YEARS
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FUEL CONVERSION PROGRAMMES

• Important alternate fuel options are CNG, LPG,
  Hydrogen and electricity
• Two-wheelers not attractive candidates for
  alternate fuels
• Three-wheelers successfully converted to CNG
  (India) and LPG (India and Thailand).
• Coordinated effort between government and the
  energy sector required to evolve a comprehensive
  alternate fuel programme that encompasses
• Life cycle analysis (well-to-wheel)
• provision of fuelling infrastructure
• quality and approval systems for safety of the
  modified vehicles

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BAJAJ AUTOs ALTERNATE FUEL VEHICLES

• CNG AUTO-RICKSHAW
• Presently in series production. Deployed over
  38,000 in Delhi, over 15,000 in Mumbai and over
  10,000 in Dhaka.
• LPG AUTO-RICKSHAW
• Presently in series production. Volumes low at
  present due to limited demand
• ELECTRIC AUTO-RICKSHAW
• Successfully developed. Uses an Advanced
  technology Axial Flux Motor, with gt 85 drive
  cycle efficiency, Flooded lead-acid batteries.

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COMPARATIVE EMISSION PERFORMANCE OF BAJAJ AUTOs
ALTERNATE FUEL VEHICLES
NMHC Non-Methane Hydrocarbons RHC Reactive
Hydrocarbons
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FUELS AND LUBRICANTS

• Fuel
• Lead free petrol a must for using catalytic
  converters
• Low sulphur content necessary to improve
  durability
• Low benzene content reduces exhaust toxicity
• Oxygenates blended in fuel reduce CO emissions
• Lubricating oil
• Low smoke (JASO FC) oils reduce smoke and PM
  emissions
• Supply of 2-T oil pre-mixed with petrol at
  filling stations can control excessive oil
  consumption

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TYPICAL STRATEGIES ADOPTED BY MAJOR ASIAN
COUNTRIES TO REDUCE TWO WHEELER POLLUTION

• ENFORCEMENT OF PROGRESSIVELY STRINGENT EMISSION
  STANDARDS FOR NEW VEHICLES
• ENFORCEMENT OF EMISSION STANDARDS FOR IN-USE
  VEHICLES
• STRENGTHENING EMISSION INSPECTION MAINTENANCE
• INTRODUCTION OF IMPROVED 2-STROKE LUBRICATING
  (2-T) OILS
• MANDATING/PROMOTING USE OF LOW SMOKE 2-STROKE
  LUBRICATING OILS
• MANDATORY DISPENSING OF 2-T OIL PRE-MIXED WITH
  PETROL
• PROMOTION OF ALTERNATIVE FUELS (CNG/LPG) FOR
  THREE WHEELERS
• COMPLETE PHASE OUT OF LEADED PETROL

• TAIPEI,CHINA, INDIA, THAILAND
• MANY COUNTRIES
• TAIPEI,CHINA
• JAPAN, THAILAND, TAIPEI,CHINA, INDIA
• INDIA, THAILAND
• INDIA
• INDIA, THAILAND
• MANY COUNTRIES

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THE WAY FORWARD

• Introduce new vehicle mass emission standards
  - adopt stringent standards similar to India
  
• Introduce in-use standards to ensure proper
  vehicle maintenance.
• Build capacity for strong enforcement of
  standards
• Make lead free petrol abundantly available to
  facilitate use of catalytic converters
• Introduce supply of Low Smoke (JASO FC)
  2-stroke oil pre-mixed with petrol at filling
  stations to control excessive consumption of
  inferior oil to reduce smoke and PM emissions
  from 2-strokes engines
• Promote use of alternative fuels like CNG/LPG on
  three wheelers