Chemical Risk Management

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Chemical Risk Management

• Session 3
• Laboratory Safety Training

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Toxic effects of Laboratory Chemicals

• In order to minimize the hazards associated with
  chemicals used in the laboratory the researcher
  must investigate many sources of information to
  safely design the experiment. There are many ways
  to do this. The starting point should be with a
  review of the MSDS.

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Hazard Communication

• Hazard Communication Standard
• 29CFR 1910.1200
• OSHA published in 1988, requires, chemical
  manufacturers or importers to evaluate the
  hazards of the products they supply and summarize
  this information on Material Safety Data Sheets
  (MSDS), shipping labels, and product warnings

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Hazard Communication

• Employers must supply this information to their
  employees and provide training on
• The chemical hazards found in their work place.
  This includes training on reading hazard labels
  and MSDS, physical and health hazards of the
  chemicals, how to detect releases, the use of any
  required personal protective equipment (PPE), and
  the details of the hazard communication program.

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Hazard Communication

• Specific laboratory requirements include
• Ensuring all incoming chemical containers are
  labeled,
• MSDS are received with incoming chemicals and are
  readily accessible to laboratory employees at all
  times, while working in their labs,
• Ensure all laboratory, employees are trained on
  the physical and health hazards associated with
  the chemicals used including

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Hazard Communication

• Methods and observations that may be used to
  detect the presence or release hazardous
  chemicals in the work area,
• The measures employees can take to protect
  themselves from chemical hazards, such as work
  practices, emergency procedures, and PPE.

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Hazard Communication

• Laboratories that ship hazardous chemicals are
  considered either a chemical manufacturer or
  distributor under this standard and must also
  comply with the shipping requirements, including
  labeling containers, using proper shipping names
  and preparing an MSDS to be provided to the
  recipients

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Each MSDS must contain the following information

• Suppliers name, address, ph , date,
• Chemical name, CAS of all hazardous
  ingredients if it is gt 1 of the product,
• Physical and chemical characteristics, vp., fp.,

• Physical hazards, including reactivity,
• Health hazards, including signs and symptoms of
  exposure, medical conditions that might be
  aggravated by exposure,

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Each MSDS must contain the following information

1. Emergency and first aid procedures,
2. Disposal considerations
3. Transportation information

• Primary routes of entry,
• PELs, RELs, TLVs
• Toxicity data,
• Storage and handling data,

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Additional sources of hazard information

• National Fire Protection Association NFPA 704
• National Institute of Occupational Safety and
  Health (NIOSH) RELs.
• American Council of Governmental Hygienists
  (ACGIH) TLVs
• International Agency for Cancer Research, (IARC)

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Additional sources of hazard information

• National library of Medicine (NLM)
• Toxline, Medline
• Hazardous substance Data Base (HSDB)
• Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances
  (RTECS)
• MSDS database e.g. SIRI http//www.SIRI.org

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Other hazard classification systems

• The NFPA 704 System is a means of providing
  hazard information for a material. Each of the
  four sections is associated with a particular
  hazard and the higher the number the more
  hazardous the material is for that particular
  characteristic. The fourth section is to give
  information on special hazards. Next are the four
  sections and an explanation of each.

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RedFlammability

• 4-Materials with a flashpoint below 73 F (22 C)
  and a boiling point below 100 F.3-Materials
  with a flashpoint below 73 F and a boiling point
  greater than or equal to 100 F (38 C) or a
  flashpoint above 73 F and less than 100 F.
  2-Materials with a flashpoint above 100 F, but
  not exceeding 200 F (93.3 C).1-Materials with a
  flashpoint above 200 F.0-Materials which
  normally won't burn.

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Blue-Health Hazard

• 4-Materials with an oral LD50 of less than or
  equal to 5 mg/kg.3-Materials with an oral LD50
  above 5, but less than 50 mg/kg.2-Materials
  with an oral LD50 above 50, but less than 500
  mg/kg.1-Materials with an oral LD50 above 500,
  but less than 2000mg/kg.
• 0-Materials with an oral LD50 above 2000mg/kg.

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YellowReactivity Hazard
4-Material is capable of explosion or detonation
at normal temperature and pressure.3-Material
is capable of explosion, but requires a strong
initiating source, or the material reacts with
water.2-Material undergoes violent chemical
changes at elevated temperature and
pressure.1-Normally stable, but can become
unstable at elevated temperatures.0-Normally
stable.
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White Special Hazard
W Water ReactiveOx OxidizerCOR Corrosive
Radiation

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Routes of Exposure

• Inhalation - Most common route of exposure, lungs
  are designed for maximum transport and adsorption
  of vapors, large surface area (1000 sf)
• Dermal Second most common route of exposure,
  lipid (pass with greater ease) and water soluble
  chemicals can pass through the skin. Has 20 sf
  surface area.

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Routes of Exposure

• Ingestion can occur through food contamination,
  eating drinking in lab, poor hygiene, mucociliary
  transport of vapors trapped in upper air ways,
• Injection Can occur through injury and needle
  sticks

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Lethal Concentration

• Lethal Concentration- LC-50, pertains to
  inhalation hazards. It is the concentration of a
  material in air that will kill 50 of the test
  subjects when administered as a single exposure
  (typically 1 to 4 hours). This value gives you an
  idea of the relative toxicity of the material.
  This value applies to vapors, dusts, mists and
  gases.

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Lethal Dose

• An LD50 value is the amount of a solid or liquid
  material that it takes to kill 50 of test
  animals in one dose. The dose may be administered
  orally (by mouth), or injection into various
  parts of the body. The value is usually reported
  along with the administration method.

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Acute Toxicity Levels
 
Mg//kg body weight
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Acute Toxins

• Acute toxicity is the ability of a chemical to
  cause harm after a single exposure. They can
  cause local, or systemic effects or both.
  Chemicals that have a high level of acute
  toxicity (very low LD, LC-50s) are defined as
  particularly hazardous substances by the Lab
  Standard and require special handling procedures
  to be added to the lab CHP.

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Acute Toxins

• These include acrolein, arsine, chlorine,
  diborane, diazomethane, hydrogen cyanide,hydrogen
  floride, sodium cyanide, dimethyl mercury, etc.

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Chronic Toxicity

• Harm occurs through repeated usually lower levels
  of exposure. Includes most carcinogens,
  reproductive hazards, some heavy metals. Many
  have a long latency period. Generally the longer
  the exposure the greater the hazard.

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Factors affecting toxicity

• The potential for toxic effects is determined by
  the dose, the duration, the frequency and the
  route of exposure.
• Synergistic effects - the combination of the
  toxic effects of two substances may be
  significantly greater than the toxic effect of
  either substance alone.

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Reproductive toxins

• Reproductive toxins are those that have an
  adverse effect on reproduction including
  fertility, gestation, lactation and general
  reproduction performance. Mutagens affect the
  genetic material. Teratogens effect the
  development of the fetus. Ethylene dibromide and
  dibromochloropropane are well known male
  reproductive toxins. Others include

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Reproductive toxins cont.

• vacetaldehyde, acrylicacid, aflatoxins, aniline
  arsenic, benzene, benzo(a)pyrene, cadmium,
  carbondisulfide, chromic acid, chloroform,
  chloroprene, N,N-dimethylacetamide,
  dimethylformamide (DMF), dimethyl sulfoxide
  (DMSO), dinitrooctylphenol ,di-sec-octyl-phthalate
  , diphenylamine, dithane, estradiol, 2-ethoxyl
  ethanol, 2-ethoxyetyl acetate, ethyl thiourea,
  2-ethylhexanol, formaldehyde, formamide, glycol
  ethers, halothane, hexachlorobenzene,
  hexafluoroacetone, hydrazine(s),

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Reproductive toxins cont.

• iodoacetic acid, karathane, lead compounds,
  mercury compounds, 2-methoxy ethanol, 2-methoxy-
  ethylacetate, methylchloride, N-methyl-2-pyrolido
  ne, nitrobenzene, nitrousoxide, phenol,
  polychlorinated and polybrominated biphenyls,
  propylene glycol, monomethyl ether, propylene
  glycol, monomethyl ether acetate, propylene
  oxide, systhane, TOK(herbicide),toluene,
  trichloroethylene, vinyl- chloride, xylene
• Additional information _at_ Reproductive Hazards

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Medical Surveillance programs

• Use of certain chemicals at particular exposure
  levels require the participation a medical
  surveillance programs.
• Medical Screening/Surveillance

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Carcinogens

• Chemical capable of causing changes in the DNA
  resulting in uncontrolled growth of cells or
  cancer. They are insidious because no immediate
  harmful effects are felt. Latency period can be
  from 20-30 years
• Usually results from chronic exposures

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Carcinogens

• Defined in the Lab Standard as a chemical that
  is
• Regulated by OSHA as a carcinogen,
• It is listed by the National Toxicology Program,
• It is listed as a group 1 under IARC
  (international agency on cancer research),
• It is listed as a group 2A, or 2B under IARC
  probable and possibly carcinogenic to humans.

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Carcinogens

• Examples of "Select Carcinogens
• Examples of Classes of Carcinogens

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Conclusion

• Risk assessment for use of hazardous chemicals
  includes
• Identify chemicals to be used and circumstances
  of use,
• Consult sources of information,
• Evaluate type of toxicity,

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Conclusion

• Consider possible routes of exposure,
• Evaluate quantitative information on toxicity,
• Select appropriate procedures to minimize
  exposure following hierarchy of protection,
• Eliminate the hazard
• Substitute or reduce the hazard

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Conclusion

• Engineering Controls Fume Hood, Glove boxes
• Administrative Controls CHP, SOPs
• Personal Protective Equipment gloves, goggles
• Prepare for contingencies.