Australia

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Australias Regional Global LinksMigration
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• Use pg 271 of book to complete the table

Term Definition
Emigration The process of..





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The 2 main processes of migration
Immigration- The movement of people into A
country
Emigration- The permanent departure Of people
from their country
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• The process of migration takes place at a range
  of scales.
• International
• Between countries

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• 2. Interstate
• Between states or
• territories within a
• country.

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• 3. Intrastate
• Between regions
• within a state
• or territory.

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During the fifty years from 1947 to
1997 Australia Population increased By approx
11.5 million.

• IMMIGRATION-
• Migration may be either forced or voluntary.
• Immigration has had a significant impact on the
  size and structure of Australias population

7 Million of this increase can be attributed to
the net gain of immigrants and their families
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http//www.news.com.au/business/story/0,23636,2447
4767-664,00.html Oct 2008 migration rethink from
the 2008-09 Migration Program is set at 190,300
places, representing a 19.8 per cent increase on
the 2007-08 program. The figure includes 56,500
places for family migrants sponsored by people
already in Australia and 133,500 places for those
with special skills.
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Net Migration

• Net migration is the difference between the
  number of permanent departures from Australia
  (emigration) and the number of people arriving to
  live in Australia on a permanent basis
  (immigration)
• permanent arrivals (immigration) permanent
  departures (emigration) net migration

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Immigration

• Australian society has been shaped by a long
  history of immigration. Since 1945 around 6.5
  million people have arrived as new settlers and
  in 2006, nearly one in four (24) Australian
  residents were born overseas.

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Australian Population Change 1901-2002
Growth rates
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Australian Immigration

• 7 million immigrants(2nd Generation) between
  1947-97
• The composition of immigrant population has
  changed significantly over time.
• Why?
• White Australia Policy.
• The need for labour post WWII. (Snowy River)

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Why come to Australia?

• http//www.ntrust.com.sg/why-migrate-to-australia.
  htm A perspective from Singapore

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• Short Answer practice.
• 1.Outline this cartoons main ideas/ themes

Indicate in general terms the main features of
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• The cartoonists main ideas are that immigration
  has created jobs.
• Businesses in Australia have a larger amount of
  people to sell to.
• There is a larger marketplace which has created
  Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth. GDP means
  the total combined value of all the goods and
  services produced in the economy at a given time.
  
• Therefore immigration has largely contributed to
  economic growth

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Australian Emigration

• This is a voluntary form of migration.
• Why leave Australia?

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People attempting to improve their social and
economic well being.

• Where do they go?
• Mostly to the UK, USA, NZ, China.

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Composition of Australia's Population
Refer to page 272 for this graph THEN read the
text below it to complete the tasks

1. Complete the summary table

2. Work out the for each group listed
Years/areas UK Europe Asia
1950
1970
2000
1901 to 1970s
After WW II
Today
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Skilled
Types Of Migration
Family Streamed
Humanitarian
Trans Tasman
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Illegal Migrants

• Illegal migrants under Australian law are those
  who
• enter Australia without authority or
• overstay visas, work without
• appropriate approval or have
• their visas cancelled.
• There are estimated to be about 50,000 visa over
  stayers in Australia.
• The majority?
• British Nationals.

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Types of migration flows to Australia

• Skilled Stream
• Highly skilled migrants who could potentially
  contribute to the economy.
• Migrants must pass a skills test. ie, English
  speaking ability, work experience,etc.
• This is usually a voluntary
• form of emigration.
• Since the late 1990s, the Skill Stream has been
  the largest and fastest growing Migration Program
  stream, an increase in the proportion of total
  permanent additions in this category from 23 in
  199697 to 51 in 200506.

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• Family Stream
• Migrants selected due to their families ties in
  Australia.
• Migrants must be a close family member of someone
  already living in Australia.
• There is no skills or
• language test for these
• migrants.
• As a proportion of total permanent additions, the
  Family Stream has decreased from 45 (47,300) in
  199697 to 26 (45,900) in 200506.

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• Humanitarian migration
• The Humanitarian Program is the smallest of
  Australia's immigration categories
• This is designed to provide sanctuary for
  refugees.
• This is normally a forced form of migration.
• Examples of factors for people leaving their
  countries include war, disease and famine.
• In 200506, there were around 17,000 permanent
  additions through the Humanitarian Program,
  representing 9 of all permanent additions in
  that year.

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• Trans-Tasman migration
• This is a unique agreement with New Zealand.
• It means New Zealanders
• can enter, live and work in
• Australia without a visa.
• There were 15 663 migrant
• settlers from NZ in 2001-02.

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This is a link to the latest Government
Statistical publications http//www.immi.gov.au/m
edia /publications/statistics/index.htm
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ADVANTAGES

• Cultural and linguistic diversity
• Considered a valuable resource
• Over 200 languages spoken here
• A rich mix of traditions, cultures, languages and
  beliefs.
• Multiculturalism is now considered a defining
  characteristic of Australias identity.
• Food, music, customs enrich our lifestyles.

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ADVANTAGES

• Economic Benefits
• Generate wealth and employment for all
  Australians invest in economy. (29 small
  businesses owned/operated by overseas born)
• Generate extra tax revenue for the govt. (very
  important in an ageing society)
• Important language and cultural skills boosts our
  links/ business opportunities overseas.
• Research shows that migration increases average
  incomes and improves the economy.
• Migrants address skills shortages.
• (check p.279 for more advantages)

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ADVANTAGES

• Geopolitical advantages
• Migration policy is a sensitive topic and
  accepting refugees improves our foreign relations
  and standing in the international community.
• It has also helped Australia to build stronger
  bilateral and multilateral links with other
  countries.

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DISADVANTAGES

• Racial Conflict
• There are those who see this as a threat to
  Australias Anglo- Celtic background.
• Some groups are discriminated against e.g.
  Sudanese people in Tamworth

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DISADVANTAGES

• Economic Costs
• At times it can be a drain on the economy because
  they need support services
• In some instances they can take jobs from
  Australians

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DISADVANTAGES

• Geopolitical disadvantages
• Australias hard line on people smuggling out of
  SE Asia has created some friction with our close
  neighbours
• The Pacific Solution (processing and detaining
  asylum seekers on islands outside the migration
  zone has drawn criticism from the United Nations.

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The role of Government

• Migration continued

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• The Federal Government plays an important role in
  the development of immigration policy.
• It has a number of key roles, such as
• Developing policy
• Enforcing Australias migration policy
• Provision of services for new arrivals

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Developing Policy

• Federal government develops immigration policy
• Sets requirements foreign nationals need to meet
  for entry into Australia (Migration Act 1958)

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Enforcing Australias migration policy

• This involves
• Preventing people smuggling
• Deporting foreign nationals who do not have
  correct documentation
• Ensuring visitors do not overstay their visas

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Provision of services

• Provisions that are provided for new migrants
  include
• Settlement information
• English programs
• Translation and interpretation services

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The role of non government services (NGOs)

• Some roles of NGOs include
• Defend human rights of asylum seekers and illegal
  migrants
• Provide legal advice to asylum seekers.
• Mount campaigns in support of migrants rights.
• Some egs of NGOs include Amnesty International,
  AUSTCARE, and Red Cross.

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Govt. treatment of asylum seekers.

• Those entering Australia with the correct visa
  can apply for permanent protection visas.
• Those arriving illegally are detained until they
  can prove their refugee status.
• Some detention centres include Villawood, Baxter,
  Woomera, and Port Hedland.

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The Tampa Crisis.

• Aug 2001 433 asylum seekers rescued from a
  sinking ship by MV Tampa (Norway).
• The Tampa was refused
• entry into Australian waters
• to unload the people.
• The govt. processed the asylum seekers
  applications offshore, eventually accepting 27 of
  the refugees.

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• The plight of asylum
• seekers was brought
• to the attention of the
• world as a result of the
• affair.

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The Pacific solution

• The creation of an exclusion zone which
  included nearly all of the northern coast of
  Australia, as well as outlying islands.
• This meant that people arriving on these outer
  islands could not automatically apply
  for visas

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News articles

• http//www.smh.com.au/news/paul-sheehan/and-the-ch
  allenge-of-migration/2008/08/03/1217701846375.html
  Aug 2008 Paul Sheehan Immigration targets for
  2009
• http//business.smh.com.au/business/an-inconvenien
  t-truth-about rising-immigration-20080302-1way.htm
  l March 2008 Ross Gittins we're in the biggest
  immigration surge in our history. Consequences
• http//www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,,2313
  3652-25658,00.html?frompublic_rss Asian
  migration, Bernard Salt January 2008
• http//www.smh.com.au/news/national/migration-must
  -double-report/2008/02/05/1202090427563.html?s_cid
  rss_national Migration must double report, Feb
  2008
• http//www.smh.com.au/news/national/migrant-home-b
  uilders-toeaseshortage/2008/03/03/1204402365340.ht
  ml?s_cidrss_national Migrant home builders to
  ease shortage, March 2008