Earthworks

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Earthworks Mass DiagramsClay Blackwell MDT

• Welcome
• Child 1 2
• Hailey
• Hunter

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Agenda

• Purpose Review Earthwork principles and
  understand the use of Mass Diagrams.
• General Plan Use the lecture to review
  earthwork mass diagram principles and implement
  them into daily design and construction
  procedures.
• Objectives Participants should understand
  shrink, swell, haul, and the use of the Mass
  diagram to accomplish standard engineering tasks
  without the use of a Lawyer.

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Why is Dirt so important?
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Some Want A Little
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Many Want More
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And Some Dont Care (Walleye Wiss)
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And Many Died For It
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Overview

• Banked Volume
• Compacted Volume
• Shrink
• Swell
• Earthwork Elements
• Mass Haul Diagrams - Terminology
• Mass Haul Diagrams Field Examples

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Banked Volume

• In Place In Situ
• Undisturbed

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Compacted Volume

• Manipulate
• Crush
• Add Water
• Mix

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Contractor-Inspector Compaction Issue. Job went
smooth after resolution.
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Shrink

• Compacted Volume less than the Banked Volume.
• Clay, Silt, Sand.

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Swell

• Compacted Volume Greater than the Banked Volume.
• Rock

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Adjustments To Excavation

• Unclassified Excavation
• Should the following adjustments be added or
  deducted from the roadway excavation quantity?

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Approach Excavation?

• Should be Added
• Usually included in the roadway quantities.
• Approach embankment should be measured at the
  project completion and earthworks report edited
  to provide a true shrink/swell for future
  information.

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Structure Excavation?

• Added
• Usually not included in roadway Excavation.
  Minute on large Construction projects.
• Be careful on small earthwork projects set up
  for borrow.
• Select Backfill

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Pavement Removal?

• Deducted
• If the material is recycled and not used in the
  subgrade.
• No adjustment needed if incorporated into the
  fill as its already included in the staked
  quantity.

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Topsoil Stripping?

• Deduct

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Roadway Obliteration?

• Deducted if not economical and practical to
  haul or use.
• Added if economical and practical to use.

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Sub excavation?

• Added if suitable
• Deducted if unsuitable. Less excavation will
  be available for fill since suitable excavated
  material will be needed to fill the sub excavated
  void.

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Mass Haul Diagram Terminology

• Cut
• Excavation a positive value
• Fill
• Embankment a negative value
• Embankment Plus an adjusted volume due to
  shrink or swell.
• Mass Ordinate
• Algebraic sum of the cut and fill.
• Haul
• There are two references haul. Haul refers to
  the distance excavated material is moved or the
  technical version of a distance volume
  (station-yard).
• Balance Line
• The cut is equal to the fill.

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Mass Ordinate

• The Algebraic sum of the accumulated cut or fill.
  
• The cut will be a positive value.
• The fill will be negative.
• This is the vertical scale on a mass diagram.
• Where the mass ordinate changes signs, between
  these two stations a balance point exists.

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Mass Ordinate, Shrink Factor 1.00
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Mass Ordinate, Shrink Factor 1.32
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Mass Ordinate Graph
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Haul

• Haul is computed by multiplying the volume of
  excavation removed from its original position by
  a mean distance. Km m3 or station yd3.
• The distance between the center volume of
  excavation and the center volume of embankment is
  the average haul distance.
• Haul influences the cost of earthwork.
• Haul is only the cost to transport.

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Scraper Productivity
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Redneck Haul
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Haul Estimate
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Average Haul
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Haul vs. Waste/Borrow?
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Child 3,4, 5 Hannah, Heather, Hudson
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Mass Diagrams

• Grading Summary and the Mass Haul Diagram are the
  contractors primary tools for bidding earthwork.
• Representation of the way the dirt should
  probably be moved on a project.
• Determines where additional work may be needed
  with respect to grades and alignment. (Designer
  Field)
• If gross earth movements contradict the mass
  diagram Red Flag. Investigate Document.
• Usually a very good tool for dispute resolution.
• Opinion- One of the most important documents in
  a set of plans. Earthwork in most cases is the
  major cost on a project. The diagram usually
  represents the quality of a set of plans.

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Mass Diagram Characteristics

• A rising mass curve denotes cut.
• A falling mass curve denotes fill.
• Steep slopes of a the curve indicate heavy cut or
  fill vs. flat slopes which indicate small
  earthwork quantities.
• Points of zero slope on the mass diagram show
  change from cut to fill or fill to cut.
• If a horizontal line intersects the curve at two
  points the cut and fill are in balance or equal.

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Profile Mass Diagram
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Haul Limits
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Mass Diagram 1(Plan)
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Mass Diagram 1 (Staked)
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Mass Diagram 1 (As-Built)
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Mass Diagram 2 (Plan)
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Mass Diagram 2 (Staked)
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Borrow Entrance-Haul Comparison Mass Diagram 2
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Mass Diagram 3 (Plan 32 Shrink)
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Mass Diagram 3 (25 Shrink)
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Mass Diagram 4 (Plan)
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Mass Diagram 4 (Staked)
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Mass Diagram 4 (As-Built)
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Mass Diagram 5 (Plan)
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Mass Diagram 5 (Staked)
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Mass Diagram 5 (As-Built)
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Mass Diagram 5 (Theoretical)
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Summary

• Questions???

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Child number 5 (Hudson)
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