America at 1800

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America at 1800

• Jefferson, Madison, and the War of 1812

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Quiz Jefferson

• How are Jeffersonian Democratic-Republicans
  different from Hamiltonian Federalists? Vision of
  society and View of Constitution
• Explain how the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions
  are a response to the Alien and Sedition Acts.

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Quiz Jefferson's Presidency

• America at 1800-1850 Massive Growth- in what
  areas?
• Revolution of 1800- Federalists lose
• Republican Values
• Reduction of the Federal Government and Federal
  Debt
• Less is more
• The Supreme Court under John Marshall
• Marbury vs. Madison
• Louisiana Purchase
• Burr conspiracy
• Neutral rights
• Impressment
• Embargo

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Pictures
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Pictures
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Test items

• Republican Vision/Jefferson/embargo/reduce the
  budget
• Revolution of Jefferson/overturn Federal policies
• Jefferson/a great politician
• Ended internal taxes
• Government spending
• National debt
• Jefferson and the court
• Judiciary act of 1801
• Mabry Vs. Madison
• Louisiana Purchase reasons
• Aaron Burr
• War of 1812 causes, War Hawks/Clay/Calhoun/
• Tecumsehs goals

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Essay Question

• The War of 1812 was foisted upon an unwilling
  nation by a Congress controlled by a group of
  congressmen called the War Hawks whose main
  goal was the conquest of Canada.
• Assess the validity of this statement using the
  documents and your knowledge of US History

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Republican Agenda 1790s
Thomas Jefferson Not elitist like Federalist Believed in the Common Man Reacting against the philosophy of the Federalists and Hamilton Pro-French, French Revolution as a great movement toward democracy Believed in the strength of the small farmer Wants to reduce the size of the Federal Government Regarding the National Bank Federal Government had no authority to create the National Bank A strict interpretation of Constitution. The constitution did not address or allow Hamilton said, the constitution allows all laws that are necessary, known as the Elastic Clause Believed in concepts of the States vs. Federal Gov
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Sectionalism Developing

• Northeast- Manufacturingwant to send goods West
• Western Farmers agriculturewant to send goods
  East
• Problem of Transportation roads, canals, river
  transportation important-1800-1850 building
  transportation networks.
• Problem Spain controls mouth of Mississippi
  until the French reacquire Louisiana under
  Napoleon and US make the Louisiana Purchase-1803

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American Growth
New Century Census office 1801- 5.3 million people 1820 9.5 mill 33 ? growth rate each decade Rapid Economic growth Commercial and Geographic expansion Cities- 1820 New York 100,000 Philadelphia 100,000 75 Pop Rural 5 in cities 20 in towns People moving west in search of farm land Ohio, Mississippi Valley
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Jefferson Presidency 1801-1809

• Lawyer, diplomat, scientist, philosopher
• Interested in Agriculture
• Supported innovations and technology
• Where a new invention is supported by well-known
  principles, and promises to be useful, it ought
  to be tried.

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How is Jeffersons Election Revolutionary or
the Revolution of 1800?

• Peaceful transfer of power- was not common
• It was a watershed for the Republic in that the
  opposing political parties would cooperate with a
  change in leadership
• Some will say, changes Jefferson advocates will
  be revolutionary.
• Jefferson as a common man- open to common people
• Wants to remove the Federalist program and reduce
  the size of the Federal government

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Jeffersons Social Vision

• Wanted to see individuals own land
• Land was the key to democracy-
• didnt believe that cities and industry were
  ideal
• Recognized manufacturing was necessary
• The cultivators of the earth are the most
  valuable citizens

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Jeffersons Plan

• Wanted to return governing power to the states
• Economics-
• Thought Federalist enacted too many protective
  tariffs that hurt farmer and favored merchants
• Hated the national debt- 112 million by 1801
• Gallatin was his Secretary of Treasury- proposed
  cutting spending to balance the budget
• Federal jobs, military, navy budget cut
• End internal taxes/excise taxes

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Quiz Jefferson and the Court

• Judiciary Act of 1801
• John Marshall
• Marbury v Madison
• Judicial Review

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Speaking of Midnight Judges

• Republican from Kentucky called Adamss tactics
  "the last effort of the most wicked, insidious
  and turbulent faction that ever disgraced our
  political annals."

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Jefferson vs. The Court

• A Federalist law is passed, Judiciary Act 1801
• Created 16 new Federal judgeships
• Adams appointed a number of judges before he left
  office (Midnight Appointments)
• Jefferson pushes republican controlled congress
  to repeal the act and not seat Federalist judges
• However the Supreme Court is packed with
  Federalist and will rule against Republican
  issues

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John Marshall Chief Justice 1801-1835 link

• Appointed as Chief Justice during last days of
  Adams' term
• Most important Chief Justice in U.S. history
  served for about 34 years
• Molded or developed the power of the Judiciary

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John Marshall Chief Justice 1801-1835 link

• Key leader, non-partisan Federalist
• Strengthened the Federal Government- at expense
  of states
• Advanced the interests of the rich
• Supported the legality of contracts
• Supported the concept of Federal government
  supremacy over states
• Dartmouth Case- overrode a state court

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Marbury vs Madison, 1803 Link

• "Midnight judge" William Marbury sued
• (on the behalf of several other judges) for the
• delivery of his commission that was being held up
  by the new Secretary of State Madison.
• Madison was ordered by Jefferson to withhold
  appointments of Judiciary Act o 1801        
• Marbury asked the Supreme Court should force the
  president to give him his job.
• The Judiciary Act of 1789 said Court had a the
  power to compel the executive to act
• Marshall said 1789 Act Congress gave too much
  authority to Courtby giving the Court the right
  to enforce appointments (only the executive
  branch had right to enforce the law)
• Ruling established a precedent
• Supreme Court power to rule a law by Congress
  unconstitutional

Judicial Review (the concept that the Supreme
Court can rule laws unconstitutional)
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Marshall

• Marshall Said
• Marbury had a right to the commission but- the
  court had no authority to order Madison to
  deliver it.

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Louisiana Purchase

• 1801 France again controls the Louisiana
  Territory
• Jefferson wants to expand US territory
• Sends James Monroe to France to Negotiate the
  purchase of New Orleans because French tried to
  close the port to Western farmers
• Monroe signed the deal with Napoleon 1803
• The deal created a dilemma for Jefferson, he
  believed in strict interpretation of
  Constitution, which means the government only
  does what the Constitution says it should do.
• Contrast to Hamilton's Elastic Clause assertion

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Burr Conspiracy

• Burr, a scoundrel, and traitor- Killed Hamilton
  in 1804 (Federalists essentially die with hammy)
• Jefferson broke with Burr early-
• Burr became involved with a group of Federalists
  to create a separate country 1st with New York
  and NJ then later involving Mexico. (to secede)
• Jefferson tries to have Burr prosecuted, Burr
  eventually escapes to Europe.

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War of 1812 Quiz

• Choose three of the following
• What was the Embargo
• Who wanted it and why?
• Who were the War Hawks
• List three mains causes of the War of 1812-
• What role did Andrew Jackson play in the War of
  1812

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Winds of War

• Longtime problem of American merchant ships being
  seized and sailors forcibly impressed into
  service by British Navy, continues
• 1793-1811 1,000 sailors were removed from US
  ships by British
• Chesapeake Leopard incident-
• Jefferson/Republicans respond with the Embargo
  Act of 1807- stopping all trade-
• Results in immediate disaster
• American agriculture prices fall-over supply-
• Smuggling begins and Jefferson tries to suppress
  with Navy and Troops

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Jefferson to Madison

• Embargo didnt work
• Jefferson never ended the national debt
• Madison, Jeffersons Secretary of State, in
  1809-1816, is elected and Jefferson, before
  leaving office, asks Congress to repeal the
  Embargo and replace it with Non-Intercourse Act

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Madison 1809-1816

• Republican, Jeffersons Secretary of State
• Picked up where Jefferson left off
• Trying to deal with European conflicts
• British interference with trade
  continued-seizures and impressments
• Western incitement of Indians

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Madison 1808-1816

• Non-Intercourse Act 1809- in an effort to repair
  damage by the embargo
• Congress passes law to prohibit trade with
  Britain and France, but allow trade with other
  countries
• Americans want Neutral Trading Rights

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War of 1812

• Causes
• Invasion of Canada
• Hartford Convention
• Conduct of the war
• Treaty of Ghent
• New Orleans

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War of 1812 Causes

• War Hawks- American Nationalists- legislators
• advocated war with Britain to regain American
  trade
• secure Western lands (kill Indians)
• invade Canada
• Speaker of the House Henry Clay of Kentucky
• Congressman John C. Calhoun of South Carolina
• Blamed Great Britain for inciting the Indians in
  Ohio

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Ohio Indian Trouble

• White settlement of Ohio increases
• 18005600
• 1810 24, 500
• 1820147,000
• Indian Tribes pushed West are angry about
  treaties and White settlement

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Quiz War of 1812

• Who was Tecumseh- what should we know about him?
• Hartford Convention-
• What was it?
• What group participated in it?
• What did they want to do?

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Frontier

• Two Tribal leaders, The Prophet and Tecumseh
• Shawnee twin brothers- wanted their people to
  resist the white invasion and live separately
• They try to form an Indian confederation to
  resist white settlement
• William Henry Harrison and the US Army kill
  Prophet at Prophets Town in the Battle of
  Tippecanoe 1811
• Americans believe the British are helping the
  Indians from forts in the Ohio valley

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Madison Wins Election 1812

• June 1812 War is Declared
• Federalist against the war but out voted by
  Western and Southern Republicans (War Hawks)
• Americans Invade of Canada
• Through Detroit
• Great Lakes Oliver Hazard Perry- defeats a
  British fleet Lake Erie We have met the enemy
  and they are ours...two ships, two brigs, one
  schooner and one sloop." The victory secured the
  Great Lakes region for the United States and
  ended the threat of invasion from that quarter.
• But few lasting effects

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Presidential Election of 1812
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Military Issues

• British Invade through the Chessapeake and burn
  Washington D.C.
• Fort McHenry, Baltimore Harbor, Star Spangled
  Banner
• Hero Andrew Jackson- defeats Creek indians in the
  Mississippi area and then goes on to defend Jan.
  1815 New Orleans from invasion- great victory
  will bring him national prominence

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Treaty of Ghent

• Treaty of Ghent, (Belgium) signed December 1814-
• British evacuate the Ohio Valley, no major
  consequences
• Indians lose, usually move West , lose large
  areas of land- in Northwest
• Rush-Bagot Agreement- de-militarized the Great
  Lakes

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Hartford Convention 1814 (Connecticut)

• Federalist opposition delegates from New England
  meet to discuss complaints regarding the War and
  the Republican leadership
• Some argue for secession
• After the War Federalist are marginalized even
  more than before.

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Quiz Madisons Economic Plans

• Summarize the two major economic initiatives
  Madison supported-

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The Madisonian Platform

• After the War there is a huge feeling of
  Nationalism-
• The idea of loyalty or devotion to a nation, or
• Pride in ones country, usually excessive
• Madison unveils a program to develop the country
  through the leadership of the Federal Government
• Military, banking, protective tariffs, internal
  improvements (roads, canals), and a national
  university

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Madisons Platform

• Military
• Banking- Chartering the Second Bank of the United
  States -first bank, time ran out and paper money
  issued caused inflation Bank is created 1816-
• became economically strong
• McCullah vs. Maryland- Marshall-ruled that the
  Bank was legal and states could not tax it.
• Protective Tariff- During Embargo, manufacturing
  in Northeast develops, Brits produce more goods,
  cheaper, and faster
• Textile industrialists, (Lowell) support tariff
• Even Calhoun of South Carolina, supported the
  tariff, because of nationalistic or patriotic
  reasons.