Course Code:EBB 337

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• Course Code EBB 337
• Course Title Advanced Materials and
  Composites
• Course Unit 3
• Type of Course Core
• Name of academics Dr. Mariatti Jaafar
• Dr. Ahmad Azmin Mohamed
• Dr. Zuhailawati Hussin
• (6) Contribution of Assessment 70 final
  examination 30 course work (15 Test and 15
  Assignment/PBL)

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Course Objectives/Course Outcomes (CO)

• 1. To classify different types of advanced
  composite materials
• 2. To select and justify a suitable advanced
  composite materials for specific applications
• 3. To propose a suitable fabrication technique of
  advanced composite materials for specific
  applications
• 4. To apply suitable theory to estimate the
  properties of the advanced composite materials

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EBB 337 (Advanced Materials Composites)
Topic Contents
Introduction to composite materials (Definition and classification of composite materials, natural composites, the benefit of composites)
Introduction to composite materials (Types of matrix (natural and synthetic), types of reinforcement (natural and synthetic), factors which determine properties)
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Reinforcement-matrix interface (Wettability, Interfacial bonding, methods to measure bond strength)
Polymer matrix composites (Introduction, types of polymer matrices (thermoplastics, thermoset rubber), processing of PMC- Hand lay-up, spray-up moulding methods (match die moulding, bag moulding method, vacuum bagging, pressure bagging, RTM), pultrusion, filament winding)
Polymer matrix composites (Some commercial PMCs- epoxy and polyester matrix composites, PEEK matrix composites, rubber matrix composites, etc.)
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References

• R.F. Gibson, Principles of Composite Materials
  Mechanics, McGraw Hill, Inc, 1994.
• F.L. Matthews, R.D. Rawlings, Composite
  Materials Engineering Science, Chapman Hall,
  1994.
• R.P Sheldon, Composite Polymeric Materials,
  Applied Science Publisher, 1982
• S. C. Sharma, Composite Materials, Narosa
  Publishing House, 2000

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• Test 1 16 Jan. 2009 (Friday)
• Short Assignment (not more than 5 pages2 in a
  group)- due date 9 Jan. 2009
• Find an article from Journal on the following
  titles
• 1) Nanoparticles filled Polymer matrix composites
  for food packaging applications
• 2) Nanoparticles filled Polymer matrix composites
  for electronic packaging applications
• 3) Natural fiber reinforced Polymer matrix
  composites for construction or automotive
  applications
• 4) Synthetic fiber reinforced Polymer matrix
  composites for aerospace applications
• 5) Particulate filler filled Polymer matrix
  composites for medical applications

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Short Assignment

• Summarize the followings
• Materials used (what is the matrix,
  reinforcement/filler, etc)
• Processing involved (hand lay-up, vacuum
  technique, injection molding, etc.)
• Properties of composites measured, relate the
  properties of composites compared to monolithic
  materials

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Composites vs. monolithic materials
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What is Composites?

• Combination of 2 or more materials
• Each of the materials must exist more than 5
• Presence of interphase
• The properties shown by the composite materials
  are differed from the initial materials
• Can be produced by various processing techniques

Composite materials- a new emerging class of
materials to overcome a current limits of
monolithic of conventional materials
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Constituents of composite materials

• Matrix phase
• Continuous phase, the primary phase.
• It holds the dispersed phase and shares a load
  with it.
• 2. Dispersed (reinforcing) phase
• The second phase (or phases) is imbedded in the
  matrix in a
• continuous/discontinuous form.
• Dispersed phase is usually stronger than the
  matrix, therefore it is sometimes
• called reinforcing phase.
• 3. Interface
• Zone across which matrix and reinforcing phases
  interact (chemical, physical,
• mechanical)

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Matrix Function
however the distribution of loads depends on the
interfacial bondings
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Reinforcement Function
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Reinforcement Function depends on matrix

• Metal matrix to increase the hardness and creep
  resistance at high temp.
• Polymer matrix to improve stiffness, strength
  and toughness
• Ceramic matrix to improve toughness

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Reinforcement can be in the form of

• Continuous fiber
• Organic fiber- i.e. Kevlar, polyethylene
• Inorganic fiber- i.e. glass, alumina, carbon
• Natural fiber- i.e. asbestos, jute, silk
• Short fiber
• whiskers
• Particle
• Wire

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Interface Function

• To transfer the stress from matrix to
  reinforcement
• Sometimes surface treatment is carried out to
  achieve the required bonding to the matrix

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Interfaces Interphases

• Figure 1.2

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Types of matrix (natural and synthetic)

• Natural
• Silica sand, limestone (CaCO3), talc, etc
• Starch, epoxy based on soy bean, chitosan, etc
• Synthetic
• Fumed silica, fused silica, glass, etc
• Epoxy, polyester, PP, PE, etc

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Types of reinforcement (natural and synthetic)

• Natural
• Silica sand, limestone (CaCO3), talc, etc
• Natural fibers, wood, etc
• Synthetic
• Glass fiber, boron fibers, etc
• Fumed silica, fused silica, glass, etc

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Classifications of composites

• Matrix PMC, MMC, CMC
• Function electrical structure
• Geometry of reinforcements fiber composites
  particulate composites

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Classification based on Geometry of reinforcement
Composite materials
Particulate- composites
Fiber-composites
Random orientation
Uni -directional
Random orientation
Uni- directional
Two- directional
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Examples of composites

1. Particulate random
2. Discontinuous fibers unidirectional
3. Discontinuous fibers random
4. Continuous fibers unidirectional

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Classification based on Matrices
Composite materials
Matrices
Polymer Matrix Composites (PMC)
Metal Matrix Composites MMC)
Ceramic Matrix Composites (CMC)
Thermoset
Thermoplastic
Rubber
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• Widely used- ease of processing lightweight

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Metal Matrix Composites (MMC)

• Generate wide interest in research
• Not as widely use as PMC
• Higher strength, stiffness fracture toughness
• Can withstand elevated temperature in corrosive
  environment than PMC
• Most metal and alloy can be used as matrices

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Ceramic Matrix Composites (CMC)

• Able to withstand high temperature (gt1649ºC)
  brittle
• Used in aeronautics, military, etc
• Carbon and glass are common matrix used in CMC

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Natural Composites

• Wood
• Consists of cellulose, hemiselulose lignin
• Cellulose- the strongest component, 65
  unidirectional alignment
• Lignin behave as adhesive, tighten the wood
  components

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Natural Composites

• Bone
• Example hydroxyapatite reinforced collagen
  composites

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Pole (Construction Industry)

• Traditional wood?steel?concrete?polymer composite
  (made of layers of glass fabric resins)
• Advantages of Polymer Composites
• 1) won't rust, or corrode
• 2)require no preservatives
• 3) light-weight, lighter than aluminum, wood,
  steel or concrete.
• 4) the lowest possible total installed cost

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Modern vaulting polesHere is an example of a
vaulting pole made from glass fibre reinforced
polymer (GFRP) composites and carbon fibre
reinforced polymer (CFRP) composites
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Benefits of Composites???

• Improved properties (thermal, mechanical,
  electrical, etc)
• Many end-applications

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Properties of composites depend on

• Amount of phase
• - Amount/proportion (can be expressed in weight
  fraction (Wf) or volume fraction (Vf))of phases
  strongly influence the properties of composite
  materials.
• Xc Xf Vf Xm (1 - Vf ) - Rule of Mixture
• Xc Properties of composites
• Xf Properties of fiber
• Xm Properties of matrix

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Voids

• Free volume
• Gas emission leads to voids in the final product
• In composites- Voids exist in the matrix,
  interface and in between fiber fiber
• Voids create stress concentration points-
  influence the properties of the composites

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Geometry of dispersed phase (particle size,
distribution, orientation)

• Shape of dispersed phase (particle- spherical or
  irregular, flaky, whiskers, etc)
• Particle/fiber size ( fiber- short, long,
  continuous) particle (nano or micron size)
• Orientation of fiber/particle (unidirection,
  bi-directions, many directions)- influence
  isotropic dan an-isotropic properties
• Dictribution of dispersed phase
  (homogenus/uniform, inhomogenus)

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Examples of different composite geometrical
arrangements
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Processing technique and parameters

• Influence final product, selection of correct raw
  materials, void content, etc