Paleontology Earth History

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PaleontologyEarth History
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What is Evolution

• Genetic change over time
• Resulting in new species
• There is more to evolution than Change
• Trees change, mountains change
• Evolution is a change in genes that control
  traits in an organism

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Why

• The Environment changes
• A trait which is good for one environment may not
  be good for different environment
• Basketball v. Football
• Playing a guitar v. Flute
• Geometry v. Algerbra

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How do changes take place

• Natural Selection
• Nature chooses
• Conditions in nature select for traits in
  organism which will make that organism the most
  successful.
• Selected forPassed on
• Selected againstextinct

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Natural Selection v. Artificial Selection

• NaturalNature chooses
• Artificial SelectionHumans choose

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Artificial Selection

• All that you see are things that humans have
  chosen
• The stuff you dont see are items we have not
  selected forthey may become extinct...or retro
  in twenty years.
• Music, clothes, TV, etc. Anything popular has
  been selected for. The unpopularnot around.

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Natural SelectionHow does it work?

• More organism are born than can survive.
• All of the organisms (offspring) will have
  genetic changes due to sexual reproduction and
  mutation
• Some of these changes will be beneficial to an
  organism. These benefits lead to a stronger
  organism.
• These stronger traits are pass down to future
  generations.

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Paleontology

• What happened
• Why did it happen
• When did it happen
• Order of occurrence

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SuperpositionOldest on BottomYoungest on top
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Superposition In Chicago
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Uniformitarianism

• Process going on today have been going on since
  the earth formed 4.5 bya
• Weathering
• Erosion
• Plate Tectonics

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vs. Catastrophisma series of catastrophes
created the earth
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Relative Dating

• Noits not something they do in Kentucky
• Compare several items of first to occur to last
  to occur
• No exact age is applied
• I am older than you. My dad is older than me

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Oldest to Youngest
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Absolute dating

• How many years ago
• Assign and age to a fossil

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How to assign age

• Tree rings
• Radioactive decay
• Process by which a radioactive material becomes
  stable
• Nothing effects the rate of decay
• Excellent tool to measure age
• Isotope (parents) decay (become stable) into
  daughter C-14 decays into N-14

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Cladistics

• Uses absolute age
• Uses DNA (comparative Genetic Material)
• Create a Logical progression of the evolution of
  similar species

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Cladistics
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Another Vert Evolution
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Vert Evolution
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Evol of dinos
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Dinosaurs
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Primate Evolution
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Humans did not evolve from ApesThey have a
common ancestor
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Human Migrationout of Africa
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• SPECIES TIME
  PERIOD
• Ardipithicus ramidus 5 to 4
  million years ago Australopithecus anamensis 4.2
  to 3.9 million years ago
• Australopithecus afarensis 4 to 2.7 million
  years ago
• Australopithecus africanus 3 to 2 million
  years ago
• Australopithecus robustus 2.2 to 1.6 million
  years ago
• Homo habilis 2.2 to 1.6 million years ago
• Homo erectus 2.0 to 0.4 million years ago
• Homo sapiens archaic 400 to 200 thousand years
  ago
• Homo sapiens neandertalensi 200 to 30 thousand
  years ago
• Homo sapiens sapiens 200 thousand years
  ago to present