Perception

1
Perception

• The process of organizing and interpreting
  information, enabling us to recognize meaningful
  objects and events.

2
Perception

• The active process of selecting, organizing, and
  interpreting the information brought to the brain
  by the senses
• Perception is the way we interpret sensations and
  therefore make sense of everything around us
• Example

3
Top Down Processing

• Processing information from the senses with
  higher level mental processes using our
  experiences and expectations
• Using your background knowledge to fill in the
  gaps
• Examples

4
Gestalt Psychology

• Gestalt - focused on how we GROUP objects
  together as an organized whole.
• Example

5
Figure Ground Relationship
Figure ground - Our first perceptual decision is
what in the image is the figure and what is the
background. Example
6
Grouping

• Grouping tendency to organize stimuli into
  coherent groups and not isolated elements.
• Examples

closure
7
Depth Cues

• Depth Perception allows us to judge distance
  because we see thing in three dimension even
  though images strike retina in two dimensions
• Visual Cliff Experiment - Eleanor Gibson
• If you are old enough to crawl, you are old
  enough to see depth perception.
• See depth by using two cues
• Examples

8
Binocular Cues

• Binocular cues depth cues that depend on the
  use of two eyes.
• Examples

9
Monocular Cues

• Monocular cues depth cues available to either
  eye alone
• Examples

10
Interposition
11
Relative Size
12
Relative Height
Horizontal vertical illusion
13
Linear Perspective
14
Relative Motion
15
Light and Shadow
16
Texture Gradient
17
Perceived Motion

• Stroboscopic effect continuous movement in a
  rapid series of slightly varying images
• Example
• Phi phenomenon an allusion created when two or
  more adjacent lights blink on and off in quick
  succession
• Example

18
Constancy

• Perpetual constancy perceiving objects as
  unchanging even as illumination and retinal
  images change
• Objects change in our eyes constantly as we or
  they move.but we are able to maintain content
  perception
• Examples

19
Perceptual Constancy

• Shape constancy

20
Perceptual Constancy

• Shape Constancy illusion some times we perceive
  the shape of something to change with the angle
  of our view

21
Perceptual Constancy

• Size constancy

22
Perceptual Constancy

• Size constancy illusion sometimes perceive
  objects as having a changing size because of the
  interplay between perceived size and distance
• Moon illusion
• Ponzo illusion

23
Ames Room
24
Lightness Constancy

• Lightness constancy aka Brightness constancy
  perceiving an object as having constant lightness
  even while its illumination varies.
• Depends on
• Relative luminance the amount of light an
  object reflects relative to its surroundings

25
Color Constancy

• Color constancy perceiving familiar objects as
  having constant color, even if changing
  illumination alters the wavelengths reflected by
  the object
• Depends on what were comparing it to
• Surrounding context color comes not only from
  the wavelength information received by cones, but
  also from the surrounding context
• Surrounding objects light is reflected not only
  from the object, but other objects surrounding
  it.

Example
26
Perceptual Interpretation
27
Sensory Deprivation and Restored Vision

• Experiments on sensory deprivation
• Brains cortical cells dont develop normal
  connections
• Critical period

28
Perceptual Adaptation

• Perceptual adaptation the ability to adjust to
  artificially displaced or inverted visual field
• Example

29
Perceptual Set

• Perceptual set (aka mental predisposition)
  mental predisposition to perceive one thing and
  not another
• Schemas concepts that organize and interpret
  unfamiliar info/ambiguous situations
• Examples

30
Context Effects

• Context effects perceptual set can be
  influenced by the context (expectations and
  emotions, and motivations)
• Examples

31
Perception is a Biopsychosocial Phenomenon
32
Is There Extrasensory Perception?
33
Parapsychology
34
Claims of ESP

• Parapsychology study of paranormal phenomena
  including ESP and psychokinesis
• Extrasensory Perception claim that perception
  can occur apart from sensory input
• Examples
• Psychokinesis (PK) mind over
• matter (levitation)