Globalization, e-Learning

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Globalization, e-Learning The Art of War
Tan Wee Hoe (whtan_at_miit.unikl.edu.my) Instructor
/ RD Coordinator Malaysian Institute Information
Technology Universiti Kuala Lumpur
Presenter
Tan Wee Hoe, MIIT, UniKL Stanley Richardson,
Multimedia University
Authors
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Aim of Paper

• To explore the potential and challenges of
  e-learning technologies in globalization era.
• To apply some principles of The Art of War to
  current e-learning.

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Overview

• Globalization, global education and e-Learning
• Advantages and potential of global education and
  e-learning
• Interdependency of e-Learning and Globalization
• The Dangers Challenges of Global Education
  e-Learning
• Sun Tzus The Art of War
• Application of principles of The Art of War

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Definitions of Globalization

• Tight economic definition (Krugman)
• A catchall phrase for growing world trade, the
  growing linkages between financial markets in
  different countries, and the many other ways in
  which the world is becoming a smaller place.
• Broader social definition (Steger)
• A multidimensional set of social processes that
  create, multiply, stretch, and intensify
  worldwide social interdependencies and exchanges
  while at the same time fostering in people a
  growing awareness of deepening connections
  between the local and the distant.

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Global Education

1. The study of problems issues which cut across
   national boundaries, the interconnectedness of
   cultural, environmental, economic, political,
   technological systems
2. The cultivation of cross-cultural understanding,
   which includes development of the skill of
   perspective-takingthat is, being able to see
   life from someone elses point of view (ie
   empathy).

(Tye Tye,1992)
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Advantages of Global Education

• Pedagogical rationale
• The reach of the global course
• Students from many different countries
• Mitigate against the usually dominant Western
  world view.
• The access to the global course
• Access extended to educationally disadvantaged
• The teachers on the global course
• Shared expertise
• The development of the global course
• Multi-cultural content

(Mason, 1998)
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E-Learning Technologies

• The new delivery mechanisms for most global
  education are electronic (Mason, 1998)hence the
  term e-learning.
• E-learning is any use of web and Internet
  technologies to deliver solutions that enhance
  the instructional process. (Tan et al, 2005)

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Potential of e-Learning

• Interoperability
• Cross-platform, cross-system
• Accessibility
• Anywhere, anytime
• Reusability
• Learning objects
• Sharable learning content
• Sharable Content Object Reference Model (SCORM)
  compliant learning objects
• Blended-learning
• Just-in-need, just-in-time

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Interdependency of e-Learning Globalization
Globalization without e-Learning e-Learning without Globalization
Too few technical skills would exist to maintain build the infrastructure. Increased concentration of business skills accessed by the have, with increased numbers of have-not, would limit the human capital necessary to drive progress generate new ideas Too little ability to communicate meaningfully with people from different cultures, would create as significant a barrier to exchange as incompatible technical standards. The size of audience would not be sufficient to create next generation courses People in under connected regions would be less interested in taking courses if the opportunity did not exist to practice and benefit from the new skills The technology infrastructure to deploy run the content would not exist
(Aldrich, 2003)
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The Dangers Challenges of Global Education
e-Learning

• Those who do not thoroughly comprehend the
  dangers inherent in employing the army are
  incapable of truly knowing the potential
  advantages of military actions.
• Sun Tzu

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Dangers of Global Education
Cognitive argument E-learning causes the breakdown of linear, narrative structures associated with traditional text-based material Fragmentation superficiality induced by the hyperlinked structures of the Web-based materials. Educational argument The undesirable aspects of consumerism, wherein learning ceases to be about analysis, discussion examination, becomes a product to be bought sold, to be packaged, advertised marketed.
Social argument The breakdown of physical community. Cultural argument The loss of indigenous cultures the relentless imposition of Western values.
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Challenges of e-Learning

• Everyone has learning needs but no one has
  e-learning needse-learning is a solution not an
  end in itself. (Morrison, 2003)
• This misapplication of e-learning is sometimes
  driven by internal competition ego rather than
  sound analysis and decision-makingit may not get
  the front-end assessment, the task analysis,
  audience analysis, assessment of learner
  environment required for quality design
  effective learning. (Labonte, 2003)
• Learning does not equal performancethe
  enthusiasm with the technical capabilities of
  e-learning may lead to talking acting as if
  e-learning is the silver bullet, the miracle cure
  for organizational individual performance
  problems. (Labonte, 2003)

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Sun Tzus The Art of War

• A Chinese military treatise written during the
  6th century BC.
• The chapters of The Art of War are

Laying Plans Waging War Attack by Stratagem Tactical Dispositions Energy Weak Points Strong Points Maneuvering Variation in Tactics The Army On The March Terrain The Nine Situations The Attack By Fire The Use of Spies
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Orientations of The Art of War
Orientation Description
Total orientation Emphases the importance of total strategy the wholeness in problem identification.
Active orientation Emphases that action should be taken actively rather than passively.
Future orientation Emphases that the study of strategy should be started at planning.
Pragmatic orientation Emphases practicality the importance of experiences and statistical information.
(Niu, 2003)
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Application of Principles of The Art of War

• Know the enemy and know yourself in hundred
  battles you will never be in peril. When you are
  ignorant of the enemy but know yourself, your
  chances of winning or losing are equal. Know
  neither your enemy nor yourself, you are certain
  in every battle to be in peril.
• Sun Tzu

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Application of Principles of The Art of War

• Teaching Learning
• Instructor analyses the instructional setting
• to identify the learning styles needs of
  learners.
• to determine the types amount of learning
  content
• to determine the instructional methods.
• Instructor should conduct self-analysis
• to identify individual research methods
• to identify preferences expertise (eg skills
  knowledge)
• to nurture unique instructional methods or styles

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Application of Principles of The Art of War

• Teaching Learning
• Leaner analyses the learning environment
• to identify the instructional styles
  expectations of instructors.
• to determine the ways to excel in a particular
  course.
• to adapt or customise the learning environment.
• Learner should conduct self-analysis
• to identify personal learning needs style
• to identify the prime time for learning
• to nurture effective and efficient learning
  methods.

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Application of Principles of The Art of War

• Curriculum Design
• Standalone course in military science programmes
  at university level.
• Principles applied in management subjects
• To develop learners strategic thinking skills.

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Application of Principles of The Art of War
Virtues of Jiang Management Academics Learners Support Staff
Wisdom Set the master Plan for university development. Possess the knowledge skills in creating global learning environment. Identify individual learning style preferences. Possess the technical knowledge skills to support e-learning.
Sincerity Trust the academics support staff in executing plans. Demonstrate ethical concerns while teaching or creating teaching materials learning objects. Trust the effectiveness efficiency of the e-learning system. Demonstrate technical concern trustworthy behaviour.
Benevolence Be considerate fair in distributing workload among parties involved. Be concerned with the learning progress of learners. Appreciate the efforts of all parties involved in e-learning initiatives. Be concerned with the stability usability of the e-learning system.
Courage Be ready to invest resources to initiate global learning. Adapt and adopt new Pedagogical approaches educational technologies. Dare to try new learning methods Be ready to support technically.
Strictness Set reward system. Be consistent in setting policies. Ensure all learners involve actively. Be participative active punctual. Ensure the e-learning system works all the time.
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Conclusion

• Although written about 2,500 years ago Sun Tzus
  The Art of War is applicable to most human
  activity today.
• Instructors and learners can benefit from The Art
  of War provided that the management of
  educational institutions are appropriately
  committed motivated.
• The application of Sun Tzus principles should
  ensure that instructors, learners their
  organisations are balanced in their approach to
  e-learning.

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• Thank you!