Title: RA 101
1RA 101
2MICROORGANISMS
- ORGANISMS TOO SMALL TO SEE
- MOST ARE NOT HARMFUL BUT ARE ESSENTIAL TO LIFE
- PATHOGENS ABLE TO CAUSE DISEASE
- BACTERIA
- FUNGI
- PARASITES
- VIRUSES
3BACTERIA
- SINGLE CELLED
- CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO SHAPE
- COCCI SPHERICAL
- BACILLI ROD SHAPED, OBLONG
- SPIRILLA SPIROCHETE - SPIRAL
4BACTERIA (CONT)
- CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO GROUPING
- DIPLOCOCCI GROUPS OF TWO
- STREPTOCOCCI CHAINS
- STAPHLOCOCCI GRAPELIKE BUNCHES
5BACTERIA (CONT)
- Staphlococcus aureus
- E-Coli
6BACTERIA (CONT)
- CAPACITY TO PRODUCE SPORES
- PROTECTIVE COATING
- SURROUNDS BACTERIAL WHEN CONDITIONS ARE
UNFAVORABLE - CAN LIE DORMANT
- CAN COME BACK TO LIFE UNDER FAVORABLE CONDITIONS
- SPORES ARE MORE DIFFICULT TO ELIMINATE
7BACTERIA (CONT)
- RICKETTSIAE EXIST IN ANIMAL CELLS
- SMALLER THAT OTHER BACTERIA
- CANNOT LIVE OUTSIDE HOST
- TRANSMITTED THROUGH BITE OF INFECTED INSECT
(FLEA- TICK) - TYPHUS FEVER, ROCKY MOUNTAIN SPOTTED FEVER
8BACTERIA
- COMMON BACTERIAL DISEASES
- STREPTOCOCCAL PHARYNGITIS
- STREP THROAT
- BACTERIAL PNEUMONIA
- BOTULISM
9FUNGI
- OFTEN HIGHLY BENEFICIAL CAN ALSO BE PATHOGENIC
- NEED MOIST, DARK CONDITIONS
- YEASTS
- SINGLE-CELLED
- MOLDS
- MANY CELLS
10FUNGI (CONT)
- FUNGAL DISEASES
- THRUSH
- MENINGITIS
- HISTOPLASMOSIS
- COCCIDIOMYCOSIS
11PARASITES
- LIVE ON OR IN OTHER ORGANISMS HARM THE HOST
- TWO CLASSIFICATIONS
- PROTOZOA
- HELMINTHS
12PARASITES (CONT)
- PROTOZOA
- COMPLEX SINGLE-CELLED ORGANISMS
- MOVE FROM PLACE TO PLACE
- MOST COMMONLY INFECT GI TRACT, GU TRACT AND
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM - AMEBIASIS, GIRDIASIS, TRICHOMONIASIS, MALARIA,
TOXOPLASMOSIS
13PARASITES (CONT)
- HELMINTHS
- PARASITIC WORMS
- FLATWORMS OR ROUNDWORMS
- FOUND IN DIGESTIVE TRACT
- CAN MIGRATE TO OTHER ORGANISMS
- PINWORM, TRICHINOSIS, TAPEWORM
14PRIONS
- BELIEVED TO BE INFECTIOUS PROTEINS
- NO RNA OR DNA
- ATTACKS NERVOUS SYSTEM
- CHANGES HEALTHY PROTEINS TO PRIONS
- ASSOCIATED DISEASES
- Bovine spongiform encephalopathy
- Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
15VIRUSES
- SMALLEST MICROORGANISM KNOWN TO CAUSE DISEASE
- SURROUNDED BY CAPSULE
- SOME HAVE SPIKES THAT FACILITATE ATTACHMENT TO
HOST - INFLUENZA, HIV, HEPATITIS B
- HAVE EITHER DNA OR RNA
- UNABLE TO SURVIVE ON THEIR OWN
16VIRUSES (C0NT)
- VIRUSES ARE SPECIFIC TO CERTAIN CELLS
- USE THE HOST CELLS GENETIC MATERIAL TO REPRODUCE
- DIFFICULT TO KILL VIRUS WITHOUT DAMAGING HOST
CELL - VIRAL DISEASES
- EPSTEIN-BARR MONONUCLEOSIS
- VARICELLA CHICKEN POX, HERPES ZOSTER (SHINGLES)
17TRANSMISSION OF INFECTION
- ELEMENTS FOR TRANSMISSION
- INFECTIOUS AGENT
- RESERVOIR
- PORTAL FOR EXIT
- MEANS OF TRANSMISSION
- PORTAL OF ENTRY
- HOST
18TRANSMISSION OF INFECTION (CONT)
- INFECTIOUS AGENT
- CLASSIFIED BY FORM
- CLASSIFIED BY ABILITY TO CAUSE DISEASE
- PATHOGENICITY
- VIRULENCE
- SPECIFICITY
- INVASIVENESS
19TRANSMISSION OF INFECTION (CONT)
- RESERVOIR
- ENVIRONMENT FOR ORGANISM TO LIVE
- EXAMPLES?
- PORTAL OF EXIT
- MEANS TO GET OUT OF HOST
- EXAMPLES?
20TRANSMISSION OF INFECTION
- MEANS OF TRANSMISSION
- DIRECT
- EXAMPLES?
- INDIRECT
- FOMITE
- DROPLET
- VEHICLE
- VECTOR
- AIRBORNE
21TRANSMISSION OF INFECTION (CONT)
- PORTAL OF ENTRY
- MEANS OF ENTERING HOST
- EXAMPLES?
- HOST
- ANY SUSCEPTIBLE PERSON
- FACTORS RELATED TO SUSCEPTIBILITY?
- CYCLE OF INFECTION
22NOSOCOMIAL INFECTIONS
- DEFINITION
- MOST COMMON INFECTIONS
- REASONS
- Presence of pathogens
- Compromised hosts
- Many sick under one roof
- PREVENTION
23DEFENSE AGAINST INFECTION
- FIRST LINE Non-specific
- Natural resistance
- Physical barriers
- SECOND LINE Non-specific
- Inflammatory response
- THIRD LINE Specific
- Acquired immunity
- Passive immunity
24INFECTIOUS DISEASES
- BLOODBORN PATHOGENS
- HIV AIDS
- HEPATITIS B, C, D
- AIRBORN PATHOGENS
- TUBERCULOSIS
25PREVENTING DISEASE TRANSMISSION
- STANDARD PRECAUTIONS
- USE BARRIERS FOR ALL CONTACT WITH BLOOD AND BODY
FLUIDS - GLOVES, MASKS, GOWNS, EYE SHIELD
- CONSIDER ALL PATIENTS AS POTENTIALLY INFECTIOUS
- APPLY TO
- BLOOD
- ALL BODY FLUIDS
- NON-INTACT SKIN
- MUCOUS MEMBRANE
- SECRETIONS AND EXCRETIONS (except sweat) EVEN IF
BLOOD IS NOT VISIBLE
26PREVENTING DISEASE TRANSMISSION
- ASEPSIS Reduce the probability of transmission
of infection - SEVERAL LEVELS
- CLEANLINESS
- DISINFECTION destruction of pathogens by
chemical means - STERILIZATION destruction of pathogens and
their spores by use of heat, gas or chemicals
27PREVENTING DISEASE TRANSMISSION
- HAND HYGIENE
- HAND WASHING ANTIMICROBIAL SOAP
- ALCHOHOL-BASED HAND RUBS
- HOUSKEEPING
- 10 SOLUTION OF BLEACH
- CLEAN FROM LEAST CONTAMINATED TO MOST
CONTAMINATED AREA
28PREVENTING DISEASE TRANSMISSION
- HANDLING CONTAMINATED MATERIALS
- LINEN
- WASTE
- USED NEEDLES AND SYRINGES
- DISPOSED IN DESIGNATED CONTAINERS
- OTHER TYPES OF WASTE IN BIOHADARD BAGS
29PREVENTING DISEASE TRANSMISSION
- ISOLATION TECHNIQUES
- AIBORNE PRECAUTIONS
- DROPLET PRECAUTIONS
- CONTACT PRECAUTIONS
- SEE APPENDIX G
30PREVENTING DISEASE TRANSMISSION
- RADIOGRAPHY OF ISOLATION PATIENTS
- RADIOGRAPHY OF COMPROMIZED PATIENT
- ISOLATION PATIENTS IN THE RADIOGRAPHY DEPARTMENT
31PREVENTING DISEASE TRANSMISSION
- STERILIZATION
- TYPES
- CHEMICAL
- DRY HEAT
- GAS
- GAS PLASMA
- AUTOCLAVING - STEAM
- STERILE INDICATORS
32PREVENTING DISEASE TRANSMISSION
- STERILE FIELDS
- STERILE AREA FOR PLACEMENT OF STERILE SUPPLIES
- PREPARATION (P.172-174)
- RULES FOR SURGICAL ASEPSIS
33PREVENTING DISEASE TRANSMISSION
- SKIN PREPARATION
- INVASIVE PROCEDURES
- MINIMIZE INTRODUCTION OF MICROORGANISMS INTO THE
PUNCTURE - PROCEDURE
- SOAP SCRUB
- HAIR REMOVAL
- ANTIBACTERIAL SCRUB
34PREVENTING DISEASE TRANSMISSION
- SURGICAL SCRUB
- USED WHEN ASSISTING IN INVASIVE PROCEDURES
- GLOVING
- USED WHEN PREPARING A STERILE FIELD OR WHEN
HANDLING STERILE MATERIALS - GOWNING
- USED WHEN ASSISTING IN INVASIVE PROCEDURES