RA 101

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RA 101

• INFECTION CONTROL

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MICROORGANISMS

• ORGANISMS TOO SMALL TO SEE
• MOST ARE NOT HARMFUL BUT ARE ESSENTIAL TO LIFE
• PATHOGENS ABLE TO CAUSE DISEASE
• BACTERIA
• FUNGI
• PARASITES
• VIRUSES

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BACTERIA

• SINGLE CELLED
• CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO SHAPE
• COCCI SPHERICAL
• BACILLI ROD SHAPED, OBLONG
• SPIRILLA SPIROCHETE - SPIRAL

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BACTERIA (CONT)

• CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO GROUPING
• DIPLOCOCCI GROUPS OF TWO
• STREPTOCOCCI CHAINS
• STAPHLOCOCCI GRAPELIKE BUNCHES

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BACTERIA (CONT)

• Staphlococcus aureus
• E-Coli

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BACTERIA (CONT)

• CAPACITY TO PRODUCE SPORES
• PROTECTIVE COATING
• SURROUNDS BACTERIAL WHEN CONDITIONS ARE
  UNFAVORABLE
• CAN LIE DORMANT
• CAN COME BACK TO LIFE UNDER FAVORABLE CONDITIONS
• SPORES ARE MORE DIFFICULT TO ELIMINATE

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BACTERIA (CONT)

• RICKETTSIAE EXIST IN ANIMAL CELLS
• SMALLER THAT OTHER BACTERIA
• CANNOT LIVE OUTSIDE HOST
• TRANSMITTED THROUGH BITE OF INFECTED INSECT
  (FLEA- TICK)
• TYPHUS FEVER, ROCKY MOUNTAIN SPOTTED FEVER

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BACTERIA

• COMMON BACTERIAL DISEASES
• STREPTOCOCCAL PHARYNGITIS
• STREP THROAT
• BACTERIAL PNEUMONIA
• BOTULISM

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FUNGI

• OFTEN HIGHLY BENEFICIAL CAN ALSO BE PATHOGENIC
• NEED MOIST, DARK CONDITIONS
• YEASTS
• SINGLE-CELLED
• MOLDS
• MANY CELLS

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FUNGI (CONT)

• FUNGAL DISEASES
• THRUSH
• MENINGITIS
• HISTOPLASMOSIS
• COCCIDIOMYCOSIS

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PARASITES

• LIVE ON OR IN OTHER ORGANISMS HARM THE HOST
• TWO CLASSIFICATIONS
• PROTOZOA
• HELMINTHS

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PARASITES (CONT)

• PROTOZOA
• COMPLEX SINGLE-CELLED ORGANISMS
• MOVE FROM PLACE TO PLACE
• MOST COMMONLY INFECT GI TRACT, GU TRACT AND
  CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
• AMEBIASIS, GIRDIASIS, TRICHOMONIASIS, MALARIA,
  TOXOPLASMOSIS

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PARASITES (CONT)

• HELMINTHS
• PARASITIC WORMS
• FLATWORMS OR ROUNDWORMS
• FOUND IN DIGESTIVE TRACT
• CAN MIGRATE TO OTHER ORGANISMS
• PINWORM, TRICHINOSIS, TAPEWORM

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PRIONS

• BELIEVED TO BE INFECTIOUS PROTEINS
• NO RNA OR DNA
• ATTACKS NERVOUS SYSTEM
• CHANGES HEALTHY PROTEINS TO PRIONS
• ASSOCIATED DISEASES
• Bovine spongiform encephalopathy
• Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease

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VIRUSES

• SMALLEST MICROORGANISM KNOWN TO CAUSE DISEASE
• SURROUNDED BY CAPSULE
• SOME HAVE SPIKES THAT FACILITATE ATTACHMENT TO
  HOST
• INFLUENZA, HIV, HEPATITIS B
• HAVE EITHER DNA OR RNA
• UNABLE TO SURVIVE ON THEIR OWN

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VIRUSES (C0NT)

• VIRUSES ARE SPECIFIC TO CERTAIN CELLS
• USE THE HOST CELLS GENETIC MATERIAL TO REPRODUCE
• DIFFICULT TO KILL VIRUS WITHOUT DAMAGING HOST
  CELL
• VIRAL DISEASES
• EPSTEIN-BARR MONONUCLEOSIS
• VARICELLA CHICKEN POX, HERPES ZOSTER (SHINGLES)

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TRANSMISSION OF INFECTION

• ELEMENTS FOR TRANSMISSION
• INFECTIOUS AGENT
• RESERVOIR
• PORTAL FOR EXIT
• MEANS OF TRANSMISSION
• PORTAL OF ENTRY
• HOST

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TRANSMISSION OF INFECTION (CONT)

• INFECTIOUS AGENT
• CLASSIFIED BY FORM
• CLASSIFIED BY ABILITY TO CAUSE DISEASE
• PATHOGENICITY
• VIRULENCE
• SPECIFICITY
• INVASIVENESS

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TRANSMISSION OF INFECTION (CONT)

• RESERVOIR
• ENVIRONMENT FOR ORGANISM TO LIVE
• EXAMPLES?
• PORTAL OF EXIT
• MEANS TO GET OUT OF HOST
• EXAMPLES?

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TRANSMISSION OF INFECTION

• MEANS OF TRANSMISSION
• DIRECT
• EXAMPLES?
• INDIRECT
• FOMITE
• DROPLET
• VEHICLE
• VECTOR
• AIRBORNE

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TRANSMISSION OF INFECTION (CONT)

• PORTAL OF ENTRY
• MEANS OF ENTERING HOST
• EXAMPLES?
• HOST
• ANY SUSCEPTIBLE PERSON
• FACTORS RELATED TO SUSCEPTIBILITY?
• CYCLE OF INFECTION

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NOSOCOMIAL INFECTIONS

• DEFINITION
• MOST COMMON INFECTIONS
• REASONS
• Presence of pathogens
• Compromised hosts
• Many sick under one roof
• PREVENTION

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DEFENSE AGAINST INFECTION

• FIRST LINE Non-specific
• Natural resistance
• Physical barriers
• SECOND LINE Non-specific
• Inflammatory response
• THIRD LINE Specific
• Acquired immunity
• Passive immunity

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INFECTIOUS DISEASES

• BLOODBORN PATHOGENS
• HIV AIDS
• HEPATITIS B, C, D
• AIRBORN PATHOGENS
• TUBERCULOSIS

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PREVENTING DISEASE TRANSMISSION

• STANDARD PRECAUTIONS
• USE BARRIERS FOR ALL CONTACT WITH BLOOD AND BODY
  FLUIDS
• GLOVES, MASKS, GOWNS, EYE SHIELD
• CONSIDER ALL PATIENTS AS POTENTIALLY INFECTIOUS
• APPLY TO
• BLOOD
• ALL BODY FLUIDS
• NON-INTACT SKIN
• MUCOUS MEMBRANE
• SECRETIONS AND EXCRETIONS (except sweat) EVEN IF
  BLOOD IS NOT VISIBLE

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PREVENTING DISEASE TRANSMISSION

• ASEPSIS Reduce the probability of transmission
  of infection
• SEVERAL LEVELS
• CLEANLINESS
• DISINFECTION destruction of pathogens by
  chemical means
• STERILIZATION destruction of pathogens and
  their spores by use of heat, gas or chemicals

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PREVENTING DISEASE TRANSMISSION

• HAND HYGIENE
• HAND WASHING ANTIMICROBIAL SOAP
• ALCHOHOL-BASED HAND RUBS
• HOUSKEEPING
• 10 SOLUTION OF BLEACH
• CLEAN FROM LEAST CONTAMINATED TO MOST
  CONTAMINATED AREA

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PREVENTING DISEASE TRANSMISSION

• HANDLING CONTAMINATED MATERIALS
• LINEN
• WASTE
• USED NEEDLES AND SYRINGES
• DISPOSED IN DESIGNATED CONTAINERS
• OTHER TYPES OF WASTE IN BIOHADARD BAGS

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PREVENTING DISEASE TRANSMISSION

• ISOLATION TECHNIQUES
• AIBORNE PRECAUTIONS
• DROPLET PRECAUTIONS
• CONTACT PRECAUTIONS
• SEE APPENDIX G

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PREVENTING DISEASE TRANSMISSION

• RADIOGRAPHY OF ISOLATION PATIENTS
• RADIOGRAPHY OF COMPROMIZED PATIENT
• ISOLATION PATIENTS IN THE RADIOGRAPHY DEPARTMENT

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PREVENTING DISEASE TRANSMISSION

• STERILIZATION
• TYPES
• CHEMICAL
• DRY HEAT
• GAS
• GAS PLASMA
• AUTOCLAVING - STEAM
• STERILE INDICATORS

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PREVENTING DISEASE TRANSMISSION

• STERILE FIELDS
• STERILE AREA FOR PLACEMENT OF STERILE SUPPLIES
• PREPARATION (P.172-174)
• RULES FOR SURGICAL ASEPSIS

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PREVENTING DISEASE TRANSMISSION

• SKIN PREPARATION
• INVASIVE PROCEDURES
• MINIMIZE INTRODUCTION OF MICROORGANISMS INTO THE
  PUNCTURE
• PROCEDURE
• SOAP SCRUB
• HAIR REMOVAL
• ANTIBACTERIAL SCRUB

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PREVENTING DISEASE TRANSMISSION

• SURGICAL SCRUB
• USED WHEN ASSISTING IN INVASIVE PROCEDURES
• GLOVING
• USED WHEN PREPARING A STERILE FIELD OR WHEN
  HANDLING STERILE MATERIALS
• GOWNING
• USED WHEN ASSISTING IN INVASIVE PROCEDURES