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RA 101

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... complex single-celled organisms move from place to place most commonly infect gi tract, gu tract and circulatory system amebiasis, girdiasis, trichomoniasis, ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: RA 101


1
RA 101
  • INFECTION CONTROL

2
MICROORGANISMS
  • ORGANISMS TOO SMALL TO SEE
  • MOST ARE NOT HARMFUL BUT ARE ESSENTIAL TO LIFE
  • PATHOGENS ABLE TO CAUSE DISEASE
  • BACTERIA
  • FUNGI
  • PARASITES
  • VIRUSES

3
BACTERIA
  • SINGLE CELLED
  • CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO SHAPE
  • COCCI SPHERICAL
  • BACILLI ROD SHAPED, OBLONG
  • SPIRILLA SPIROCHETE - SPIRAL

4
BACTERIA (CONT)
  • CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO GROUPING
  • DIPLOCOCCI GROUPS OF TWO
  • STREPTOCOCCI CHAINS
  • STAPHLOCOCCI GRAPELIKE BUNCHES

5
BACTERIA (CONT)
  • Staphlococcus aureus
  • E-Coli

6
BACTERIA (CONT)
  • CAPACITY TO PRODUCE SPORES
  • PROTECTIVE COATING
  • SURROUNDS BACTERIAL WHEN CONDITIONS ARE
    UNFAVORABLE
  • CAN LIE DORMANT
  • CAN COME BACK TO LIFE UNDER FAVORABLE CONDITIONS
  • SPORES ARE MORE DIFFICULT TO ELIMINATE

7
BACTERIA (CONT)
  • RICKETTSIAE EXIST IN ANIMAL CELLS
  • SMALLER THAT OTHER BACTERIA
  • CANNOT LIVE OUTSIDE HOST
  • TRANSMITTED THROUGH BITE OF INFECTED INSECT
    (FLEA- TICK)
  • TYPHUS FEVER, ROCKY MOUNTAIN SPOTTED FEVER

8
BACTERIA
  • COMMON BACTERIAL DISEASES
  • STREPTOCOCCAL PHARYNGITIS
  • STREP THROAT
  • BACTERIAL PNEUMONIA
  • BOTULISM

9
FUNGI
  • OFTEN HIGHLY BENEFICIAL CAN ALSO BE PATHOGENIC
  • NEED MOIST, DARK CONDITIONS
  • YEASTS
  • SINGLE-CELLED
  • MOLDS
  • MANY CELLS

10
FUNGI (CONT)
  • FUNGAL DISEASES
  • THRUSH
  • MENINGITIS
  • HISTOPLASMOSIS
  • COCCIDIOMYCOSIS

11
PARASITES
  • LIVE ON OR IN OTHER ORGANISMS HARM THE HOST
  • TWO CLASSIFICATIONS
  • PROTOZOA
  • HELMINTHS

12
PARASITES (CONT)
  • PROTOZOA
  • COMPLEX SINGLE-CELLED ORGANISMS
  • MOVE FROM PLACE TO PLACE
  • MOST COMMONLY INFECT GI TRACT, GU TRACT AND
    CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
  • AMEBIASIS, GIRDIASIS, TRICHOMONIASIS, MALARIA,
    TOXOPLASMOSIS

13
PARASITES (CONT)
  • HELMINTHS
  • PARASITIC WORMS
  • FLATWORMS OR ROUNDWORMS
  • FOUND IN DIGESTIVE TRACT
  • CAN MIGRATE TO OTHER ORGANISMS
  • PINWORM, TRICHINOSIS, TAPEWORM

14
PRIONS
  • BELIEVED TO BE INFECTIOUS PROTEINS
  • NO RNA OR DNA
  • ATTACKS NERVOUS SYSTEM
  • CHANGES HEALTHY PROTEINS TO PRIONS
  • ASSOCIATED DISEASES
  • Bovine spongiform encephalopathy
  • Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease

15
VIRUSES
  • SMALLEST MICROORGANISM KNOWN TO CAUSE DISEASE
  • SURROUNDED BY CAPSULE
  • SOME HAVE SPIKES THAT FACILITATE ATTACHMENT TO
    HOST
  • INFLUENZA, HIV, HEPATITIS B
  • HAVE EITHER DNA OR RNA
  • UNABLE TO SURVIVE ON THEIR OWN

16
VIRUSES (C0NT)
  • VIRUSES ARE SPECIFIC TO CERTAIN CELLS
  • USE THE HOST CELLS GENETIC MATERIAL TO REPRODUCE
  • DIFFICULT TO KILL VIRUS WITHOUT DAMAGING HOST
    CELL
  • VIRAL DISEASES
  • EPSTEIN-BARR MONONUCLEOSIS
  • VARICELLA CHICKEN POX, HERPES ZOSTER (SHINGLES)

17
TRANSMISSION OF INFECTION
  • ELEMENTS FOR TRANSMISSION
  • INFECTIOUS AGENT
  • RESERVOIR
  • PORTAL FOR EXIT
  • MEANS OF TRANSMISSION
  • PORTAL OF ENTRY
  • HOST

18
TRANSMISSION OF INFECTION (CONT)
  • INFECTIOUS AGENT
  • CLASSIFIED BY FORM
  • CLASSIFIED BY ABILITY TO CAUSE DISEASE
  • PATHOGENICITY
  • VIRULENCE
  • SPECIFICITY
  • INVASIVENESS

19
TRANSMISSION OF INFECTION (CONT)
  • RESERVOIR
  • ENVIRONMENT FOR ORGANISM TO LIVE
  • EXAMPLES?
  • PORTAL OF EXIT
  • MEANS TO GET OUT OF HOST
  • EXAMPLES?

20
TRANSMISSION OF INFECTION
  • MEANS OF TRANSMISSION
  • DIRECT
  • EXAMPLES?
  • INDIRECT
  • FOMITE
  • DROPLET
  • VEHICLE
  • VECTOR
  • AIRBORNE

21
TRANSMISSION OF INFECTION (CONT)
  • PORTAL OF ENTRY
  • MEANS OF ENTERING HOST
  • EXAMPLES?
  • HOST
  • ANY SUSCEPTIBLE PERSON
  • FACTORS RELATED TO SUSCEPTIBILITY?
  • CYCLE OF INFECTION

22
NOSOCOMIAL INFECTIONS
  • DEFINITION
  • MOST COMMON INFECTIONS
  • REASONS
  • Presence of pathogens
  • Compromised hosts
  • Many sick under one roof
  • PREVENTION

23
DEFENSE AGAINST INFECTION
  • FIRST LINE Non-specific
  • Natural resistance
  • Physical barriers
  • SECOND LINE Non-specific
  • Inflammatory response
  • THIRD LINE Specific
  • Acquired immunity
  • Passive immunity

24
INFECTIOUS DISEASES
  • BLOODBORN PATHOGENS
  • HIV AIDS
  • HEPATITIS B, C, D
  • AIRBORN PATHOGENS
  • TUBERCULOSIS

25
PREVENTING DISEASE TRANSMISSION
  • STANDARD PRECAUTIONS
  • USE BARRIERS FOR ALL CONTACT WITH BLOOD AND BODY
    FLUIDS
  • GLOVES, MASKS, GOWNS, EYE SHIELD
  • CONSIDER ALL PATIENTS AS POTENTIALLY INFECTIOUS
  • APPLY TO
  • BLOOD
  • ALL BODY FLUIDS
  • NON-INTACT SKIN
  • MUCOUS MEMBRANE
  • SECRETIONS AND EXCRETIONS (except sweat) EVEN IF
    BLOOD IS NOT VISIBLE

26
PREVENTING DISEASE TRANSMISSION
  • ASEPSIS Reduce the probability of transmission
    of infection
  • SEVERAL LEVELS
  • CLEANLINESS
  • DISINFECTION destruction of pathogens by
    chemical means
  • STERILIZATION destruction of pathogens and
    their spores by use of heat, gas or chemicals

27
PREVENTING DISEASE TRANSMISSION
  • HAND HYGIENE
  • HAND WASHING ANTIMICROBIAL SOAP
  • ALCHOHOL-BASED HAND RUBS
  • HOUSKEEPING
  • 10 SOLUTION OF BLEACH
  • CLEAN FROM LEAST CONTAMINATED TO MOST
    CONTAMINATED AREA

28
PREVENTING DISEASE TRANSMISSION
  • HANDLING CONTAMINATED MATERIALS
  • LINEN
  • WASTE
  • USED NEEDLES AND SYRINGES
  • DISPOSED IN DESIGNATED CONTAINERS
  • OTHER TYPES OF WASTE IN BIOHADARD BAGS

29
PREVENTING DISEASE TRANSMISSION
  • ISOLATION TECHNIQUES
  • AIBORNE PRECAUTIONS
  • DROPLET PRECAUTIONS
  • CONTACT PRECAUTIONS
  • SEE APPENDIX G

30
PREVENTING DISEASE TRANSMISSION
  • RADIOGRAPHY OF ISOLATION PATIENTS
  • RADIOGRAPHY OF COMPROMIZED PATIENT
  • ISOLATION PATIENTS IN THE RADIOGRAPHY DEPARTMENT

31
PREVENTING DISEASE TRANSMISSION
  • STERILIZATION
  • TYPES
  • CHEMICAL
  • DRY HEAT
  • GAS
  • GAS PLASMA
  • AUTOCLAVING - STEAM
  • STERILE INDICATORS

32
PREVENTING DISEASE TRANSMISSION
  • STERILE FIELDS
  • STERILE AREA FOR PLACEMENT OF STERILE SUPPLIES
  • PREPARATION (P.172-174)
  • RULES FOR SURGICAL ASEPSIS

33
PREVENTING DISEASE TRANSMISSION
  • SKIN PREPARATION
  • INVASIVE PROCEDURES
  • MINIMIZE INTRODUCTION OF MICROORGANISMS INTO THE
    PUNCTURE
  • PROCEDURE
  • SOAP SCRUB
  • HAIR REMOVAL
  • ANTIBACTERIAL SCRUB

34
PREVENTING DISEASE TRANSMISSION
  • SURGICAL SCRUB
  • USED WHEN ASSISTING IN INVASIVE PROCEDURES
  • GLOVING
  • USED WHEN PREPARING A STERILE FIELD OR WHEN
    HANDLING STERILE MATERIALS
  • GOWNING
  • USED WHEN ASSISTING IN INVASIVE PROCEDURES
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