2.7

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2.7Open Veins of Latin America, Eduardo
Galeano Latin America has specialized in losing
since the Renaissance (127) --yet it still
exists as a vast resource bearerwith open
veins (128) of goods The more freedom is
extended to business, the more prisons have to be
built for those who suffer from that
business --What does this mean? Woodrow Wilson
said, companies in the US were not granted
concessions because they were the ones calling
the shots Also, each area has been assigned a
function (128), rather than an identity.
--How might this impact the creation of worth
of these countries?
And going back to the topic of discourse
How might the following affect identity formation
and knowledge? For the world today, America is
just the United States the region we inhabit is
a sub-America, a second-class America of nebulous
identity
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Our defeat was always implicit in the victory of
others our wealth has always generated our
poverty by nourishing the prosperity of
othersthe empires and their native overseers.
In the colonial and neocolonial alchemy, gold
changes into scrap metal and food into poison
The rain that irrigates the centers of
imperialist power drowns the vast suburbs of the
system (128)
Many claim that Europes economic development
occurred solely due to the extraction of metals
from Latin and South America Soprogress at the
expense of colonialism The Latin American
colonies were discovered, conquered, and
colonized within the process of the expansion of
commercial capital (130) --This capital grew
consistently with a steady supply of slaves,
slave labor, gold, silver, and sugar from the
American colonies
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Whither the wealth?
The spoils of colonialism did not always find
their way outside the colonies themselves. The
Crown and the Church often used the profits of
colonialized labor to built ornate and
ostentatious palaces and cathedrals (131). The
profits failed to find their way into the hands
of the natives.
Hypocrisy of the Crown In 1601, Philip III banned
forced labor in the mines, but sent secret
instructions to continue the practice to avoid
drops in production (136). Making the natives
only slaves so long as the economics held strong.

Ideological Justifications
As with earlier discussions, these were never in
short supply The Indians were used as beasts
of burden because they could carry a greater
weight than the delicate llama, and this proved
that they were in fact beasts of burden (137).
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The big what if?
What if these civilizationswho had made such
advances in astronomy, mathematics, and
agriculturehad been allowed to flourish rather
than become enslaved (138)?
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Allan Johnson, Patriarchy What is patriarchy?
A society is patriarchal to the degree that it is
male-dominated, male identified, and
male-centered. It also involves as one of its
key aspects the oppression of women (165).
In the simplest sense, male dominance creates
power differences between men and women
(166). --via larger shares of income and
wealth --via social positions and
prestige --via mens shaping of culture Male
dominance also promotes the idea that men are
superior to women. In part this occurs because
we dont distinguish between the superiority of
positions in a hierarchy and the kinds of people
who usually occupy them. This means that if
superior positions are occupied by men, its a
short leap to the idea that men must be superior
(166). But male identification amounts to
much more than this, for it also takes men and
mens lives as the standard for defining what is
normal (166).
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Of course, femaleness isnt devalued entirely.
Women are often prized for their beauty as
objects of male sexual desire, for example, but
as such they are often possessed and controlled
in ways that ultimately devalue them (167).
Because patriarchy is male-identifiedTo see
herself as a leader, for example, a woman must
first get around the fact that leadership itself
has been gendered through its identification with
maleness and masculinity as part of patriarchal
culture (167) Power looks sexy on men but not
on women (167). What of women who step into
positions of power? The answer is that
patriarchy can accommodate a limited number of
powerful women so long as the society retains its
essential patriarchal character, especially in
being male-identifiedIndeed, part of what makes
these women stand out as so exceptional is their
ability to embody values culturally defined as
masculine theyve been tougher, more decisive,
more aggressive, more calculating, and more
emotionally controlled than most men around them
(167-168).
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Were as stuck as we are primarily because we
cant or wont acknowledge the roots of
patriarchy and our involvement in it. We show no
enthusiasm for going deeper than a surface
obsession with sex and gender. We resist even
saying the word patriarchy in polite
conversation (169). Many women, of course, do
dare to see and speak the truth, but they are
always in danger of being attacked and
discredited in order to maintain silence (170).
Why are we reluctant to see women as
oppressed? The reluctance to see women as
oppressed has several sources. The first is that
many women enjoy race or class privilege and its
difficult for many to see them as oppressed
without, as Sam Keen put it, insulting truly
oppressed groups such as the lower classes or
racial minorities (170). To identify
female as an oppressed status under patriarchy
doesnt mean that every woman suffers its
consequences to an equal degree, just as living
in a racist society doesnt man that every person
of color suffers equally or that every white
person shares equally in the benefits of race
privilege. Living in patriarchy does mean,
however, that every woman must come to grips with
an inferior gender position and that whatever she
achieves will be in spite of that position
(170).
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Why are we reluctant to see men as
oppressors? Along with not seeing women as
oppressed, we resist seeing men as a privilege
oppressor group (171). Instead, to the extent
that men suffer as menand not because theyre
also poor or a racial or ethnic minorityits
because they belong to the dominant gender group
in a system of gender oppression, which both
privileges them and exacts a price in return
(171). ? What does this mean? Perhaps one
of the deepest reasons for denying the reality of
womens oppression is that we dont want to admit
that a real basis for conflict exists between men
and womenWho wants to consider the role of
gender oppression in everyday married and family
life? Who wants to know how dependent we are on
patriarchy as a system, how deeply our thoughts,
feelings, and behavior are embedded in it? Men
resist seeing the oppression of their mothers,
wives, sisters, and daughters because weve
participated in it, benefited from it, and
developed a vested interest in it (172).