BDC 211 Vertebrate Diversity

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BDC 211Vertebrate Diversity
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Schedule
WEEK DATE DAY LECTURE LECTURE PRACTICAL
1 28-Mar-11 Mon Chordate diversity Chordate diversity Protochordates System
1 29-Mar-11 Tue Vertebrate evolution Vertebrate evolution  
1 30-Mar-11 Wed      
1 31-Mar-11 Thu Fish function Fish function  
1 01-Apr-11 Fri     Fish diversity
2 04-Apr-11 Mon Fish function Fish function Fish dissection
2 05-Apr-11 Tue Amphibian evolution Amphibian evolution  
2 06-Apr-11 Wed      
2 07-Apr-11 Thu Amphibian diversity Amphibian diversity  
2 08-Apr-11 Fri     Amphibian diversity
3 11-Apr-11 Mon Aquarium excursion Aquarium excursion Aquarium excursion
3 12-Apr-11 Tue Amphibian function Amphibian function  
3 13-Apr-11 Wed      
3 14-Apr-11 Thu The amniotic egg The amniotic egg  
3 15-Apr-11 Fri     Frog dissection
4 18-Apr-11 Mon Reptiles Reptiles Reptile diversity
4 19-Apr-11 Tue Birds Birds  
4 20-Apr-11 Wed      
4 21-Apr-11 Thu  ESSAY DUE Mammals  ESSAY DUE Mammals  
4 22-Apr-11 Fri GOOD FRIDAY GOOD FRIDAY  
5 25-Apr-11 Mon FAMILY DAY FAMILY DAY  
5 26-Apr-11 Tue Amniote function Amniote function  
5 27-Apr-11 Wed FREEDOM DAY FREEDOM DAY  
5 28-Apr-11 Thu Amniote function Amniote function  
5 29-Apr-11 Fri     Life in cold blood
6 02-May-11 Mon PUBLIC HOLIDAY PUBLIC HOLIDAY  
6 03-May-11 Tue Discussion class Discussion class  
6 04-May-11 Wed      
6 05-May-11 Thu THEORY TEST THEORY TEST  
6 06-May-11 Fri     Mammal bird diversity
7 09-May-11 Mon Museum excursion Museum excursion Museum excursion
7 10-May-11 Tue Revision    
7 11-May-11 Wed      
7 12-May-11 Thu Revision Revision  
7 13-May-11 Fri     PRACTICAL EXAM
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• Theory Practical handouts
• Get from Mrs van Heerden (at lunchtime 12.30-14
  h)
• Essay
• Your literature research should cover the
  following aspects
• Distribution
• Taxonomy
• Morphology (including distinguishing features)
• Ecology and/or Physiology two interesting facets
  of the group or members of the group.
• Evaluation
• Final mark Practical (40) Theory (20)
  Exam (40)
• Practical Dissections (10) Worksheets (10)
  Prac exam (20)
• Theory Essay (10) Test (10)

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Recommended Textbooks

• Hickman CP, Roberts LS, Keen SL, Eisenhour DJ,
  Larson A, lAnson H. 2011. Integrated Principles
  of Zoology. 15th ed. New York McGraw-Hill. 918
  p.
• Hickman CP, Roberts LS, Keen SL, Larson A,
  Eisenhour DJ. 2008. Animal Diversity. 5th ed. New
  York McGraw-Hill. 480p.
• Miller SA, Harley JP. 2010. Zoology. 8th ed. New
  York McGraw-Hill. 592 p.
• Kardong KV. 2009. Vertebrates Comparative
  Anatomy, Function, Evolution. 5th ed. Boston
  McGraw-Hill. 779 p.
• Pough EH, Janis CM, Heiser JB. 2009. Vertebrate
  Life. 8th ed. San Francisco Cummings. 736 p.

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• Chordate diversity

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Number ofspecies
From Kardong, 2009
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• Chordate characteristics
• The chordates share five features
• Notochord
• tubular dorsal nerve tube
• Pharyngeal slits
• Endostyle or thyroid glands
• Postanal tail
• Only in embryo or persist in adult distinguish
  chordates from all other phyla

From Kardong 2009
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Animal size
From Hickman et al. 2011
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Architecture of Animal Organization 1

• Five grades of complexity
• Protoplasmic unicellular organisms
• Cellular aggregation of cells functionally
  differentiated
• Cell-tissue aggregation of similar cells
• Organs several tissues for common function
• Organ systems cooperation of organs for common
  function

From Hickman et al. 2011
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Architecture of Animal Organization 2

• Organ systems serve 11 basic functions
• 3 Structural skeletal, muscular, integumentary
• 4 Metabolic digestive, respiratory,
  circulatory, excretory
• 3 Integrative nervous, endocrine, immune
• Reproductive
• Every animal is a functional solution about how
  to live and how to survive.

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• Notochord
• Rod-like, flexible structure dorsal along
  longitudinal axis of the body
• Dorsal of alimentary canal

after Kardong 2009
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• Notochord structure
• Core of cells and fluid, encased in fibrous
  connective tissue sheath
• Hydrostatic organ, provides support, but is
  flexible, and allows swimming motion through
  lateral pressure against the surrounding
  substrate
• In vertebrates the vertebral column replaces
  function of the notochord, but the notochord
  serves as a scaffold for the growing body of the
  embryo

From Hickman et al. 2011
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• Dorsal tubular nerve cord
• In Chordates, the nerve cord develops from dorsal
  ectodermal cells that form an invagination and
  sink inward
• Dorsal of and parallel to notochord
• Chordate nerve cord is hollow (neurocoel) and is
  filled with fluid
• In vertebrates anterior end enlarged to form
  brain
• (Cf. Invertebrates nerve cord mostly ventral to
  gut and solid)

after Kardong 2009
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Development of vertebrate neural tube
From Hickman et al.2011
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• Pharyngeal slits
• Pharynx is part of the digestive system and have
  a series of longitudinal slits at some stage of
  the development
• Water ? mouth ? pharynx ? pharyngeal slits
  (filter food, gas exchange)
• Postanal tail
• All chordates have a posterior elongation of the
  body behind the anus. The tail fulfils an
  important role in locomotion in water

after Kardong 2009
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• Endostyle or thyroid gland
• The endostyle or its derivate occurs in all
  chordates but in no other animals
• Endostyle in the pharyngeal floor of
  protochordates secretes mucus that traps small
  food, secrets iodinated proteins
• Homologous with thyroid gland

From Hickman et al. 2011
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• Other characteristics
• Bilateral symmetry
• Fully developed digestive tract, tube in tube
• Well-developed coelom
• Three germ layers
• Segmented muscles
• Ventral heart with dorsal and ventral blood
  vessels
• Closed blood system
• Endoskeleton from cartilage or bone

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• Chordate classification

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Phylum Chordata - have a notochord
Subphylum Urochordata (Tunicata)
Subphylum Cephalochordata (Lancelets)
Subphylum Vertebrata Craniata
Superclass Agnatha (Cyclostomata) - no jaws
Class Myxini (hagfish)
Class Petromyzontida (lampreys)
Superclass Gnathostomata - jaws
Class Chondrichthyes - cartilaginous skeleton
Class Osteichthyes - bony skeleton
Class Amphibia
Class Reptilia
Class Aves
Class Mammalia
Fishes
ANAMNIOTA
Tetrapods
AMNIOTA
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Chordata - have a notochord
Urochordata (Tunicata)
Cephalochordata (Lancelets)
Vertebrata Craniata
Agnatha (Cyclostomata) - no jaws
Myxini (hagfish) 4 pairs tentacles
Petromyzontida (lampreys)
Gnathostomata - jaws
Chondrichthyes - cartilaginous skeleton
Osteichthyes - bony skeleton
Amphibia
Reptilia
Aves
Mammalia
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Chordata - have a notochord
Urochordata (Tunicata)
Cephalochordata (Lancelets)
Vertebrata Craniata
Agnatha (Cyclostomata) - no jaws
Myxini (hagfish)
Petromyzontida (lampreys)
Gnathostomata - jaws
Chondrichthyes - cartilaginous skeleton
Osteichthyes - bony skeleton
Amphibia tetrapod
Reptilia
Aves
Mammalia
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Chordata - have a notochord
Urochordata (Tunicata)
Cephalochordata (Lancelets)
Vertebrata Craniata
Agnatha (Cyclostomata) - no jaws
Myxini (hagfish)
Petromyzontida (lampreys)
Gnathostomata - jaws
Chondrichthyes - cartilaginous skeleton
Osteichthyes - bony skeleton
Amphibia
Reptilia cleidoic egg
Aves feathers
Mammalia hair, mammary glands
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Chordata - have a notochord
Protochordata (Acraniata) - no head
Urochordata (Tunicata)
Cephalochordata (Lancelets)
Vertebrata Craniata
Agnatha (Cyclostomata) - no jaws
Myxini (hagfish)
Petromyzontida (lampreys)
Gnathostomata - jaws
Chondrichthyes - cartilaginous skeleton
Osteichthyes - bony skeleton
Amphibia
Reptilia
Aves
Mammalia
Larvae - notochord nerve cord Adults sessile
with tunic
Notochord nerve cord - body length
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Cladogram of living Chordates
From Hickman et al. 2011
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Number of Vertebrate Species
From Pough et al. 2009