10 February 2004

1
1
10 February 2004 8th Lecture Pough et al. Chapter
4 Herpetology ECOL 483/583 University of
Arizona spring 2004
2
2

• 10 Feb 2004
• Kitt Peak on Saturday
• - Leave campus 830 south side BSE
• 2. Congdon Wed. noon
• 3. Parker trip dates
• 4. KEB office hours M 14-15, W 1030-1130 in BSE
  1D
• David 14-15 T,R Melissa 10-11 M Alana 14-15 M
  in lab
• or by appointment
• 5. Return papers

1. Non-turtle Reptiles

3
3
Anura frogs Urodela salamanders Gymnophiona ca
ecilians Mammalia Testudines turtles Lizards
Lizards Amphisbaenia Serpentes snakes Lizards
Lizards Rhynchocephalia tuatara Crocodylia croc
s etc. Aves birds
Lissamphibia
Synapsida
To Fishes and Ancestor
Tetrapoda
Amniota
Reptilia
Extant Herp Groups
Squamata
Lepidosauria
Diapsida
Archosauria
See Fig 2-1 (Pough et al., 2001)
4
4
w/in Reptilia Diapsids split
into Lepidosauria (Squamata
Tuatara) Archosauria (Crocodylia Dinosauria
(including birds))
?
5
5
Lepidosauria
Fig. 4-11a Pough et al. 2004
6
6
Anura frogs Urodela salamanders Gymnophiona ca
ecilians Mammalia Testudines turtles Lizards
Lizards Amphisbaenia Serpentes snakes Lizards
Lizards Rhynchocephalia tuatara Crocodylia croc
s etc. Aves birds
Lissamphibia
Synapsida
To Fishes and Ancestor
Tetrapoda
Amniota
Reptilia
Extant Herp Groups
Squamata
Lepidosauria
Diapsida
Archosauria
See Fig 2-1 (Pough et al., 2001)
7
7a
Squamata lizards, snakes, amphisbaenians
- monophyletic group
- earliest fossils from mid-Jurassic (found in
Laurasia)
- global, but not antarctica including high
latitudes and altitudes
- gt70 anatomical synapomorphies 1.
hemipenes 2. loss of quadratojugal 3. fused
parietals
8
7b
Hemipenes
Pough et al. 2001
9
8
Squamata lizards, snakes, amphisbaenians
Trends - limb reduction
Salvadora hexalepis
- caudal autotomy lost in some groups
- pleurodont dentition some with acrodont like
Sphenodon
- homodont?
10
9
pleurodont
Acrodont (meet neighbors) (no replacement)
pleurodont
Fig. 4-13 Pough et al. 2004
11
10
Fig. 4-14 Pough et al. 2004
12
11
Squamata lizards, snakes, amphisbaenians
Skin - some with osteoderms (not in snakes)
localized glands
- scale organs (lenticular sense
organs) mechanoreception
- dermal chromatophores or mosaic chromatophores
Xanthophores Iridophores Melanophores
13
12
Squamata lizards, snakes, amphisbaenians
Skin (cont) - scales are folded epidermis and
dermis lots of keratin
- stratum germinativum deep epidermal layer
above dermis
synchronous shed
Pough et al. 2001
Fig. 4-15 Pough et al. 2004
14
13
Squamata lizards, snakes, amphisbaenians
Reproduction - quite variable
- oviparous (80)
- viviparous (20) arose many times why?
parthenogenesis
TSD (not in snakes)
15
14
Squamata lizards, snakes, amphisbaenians
1. Lacertilia Lizards 2. Amphisbaenia 3.
Serpentes (2,900 spp.)
(4,800 spp.)
The latter two are monophyletic clades nested
within lizards
Fig. 4-11a Pough et al. 2001, 2004
16
15
Squamata lizards, snakes, amphisbaenians
LIZARDS (Lacertilia) - Two groups
Iguania (visual) Scleroglossa
(chemosensory) (contains the Serpentes and
Amphisbaenians)
17
16
Squamata lizards, snakes, amphisbaenians
1. Iguania (Acrodonta(6) and non)
Iguanidae
Scleroglossa 2. Gekkota(31) 3.
Scincomorpha(12) 4. Anguimorpha(18)
Fig. 4-11a Pough et al. 2001, 2004
18
17
Fig. 4-16 Pough et al. 2004
19
18
Pough et al. 2004
20
19
Squamata, non-Acrodont Iguania (Iguanidae) Coryto
phanidae (3 genera, 9 species Mexico to N South
America)
- head crests and casques - Basiliscus Jesus
Christ Lizard run on water toes with
enlarged squarish scales seek refuge under
water
21
20
Squamata, non-Acrodont Iguania (Iguanidae) Crotap
hytidae (2 genera, 12 species N America)
- Collared and Leopard Lizards - arid and
semi-arid habitat - terrestrial to saxicolous -
often eat vertebrates lizards, snakes,
mammals - squealing vocalizations when
stressed - Crotaphytus lacks autotomy
planes saltatorial bipedalism on rocks
Crotaphytus
22
21
Squamata, non-Acrodont Iguania (Iguanidae) Iguani
dae (8 genera, 34 species S U.S. to N South
America, Galapagos, West Indies)
- True Iguanas - quite large - diurnal - many
herbivorous enlarged hindgut with valves and
symbionts - includes marine forms
(Amblyrhynchus) others variable - elaborate
courtship and territorial displays
23
22
Squamata, non-Acrodont Iguania (Iguanidae) Iguani
dae (cont) (8 genera, 34 species S U.S. to N
South America, Galapagos, West Indies)
Dipsosaurus dorsalis
Amblyrhynchus cristatus
Sauromalus ater
24
23
Squamata, non-Acrodont Iguania (Iguanidae) Phryno
somatidae (9 genera, 125 species S Canada to
Panama)
- Horned, Spiny/Fence, Sand Lizards - diverse -
research - Phrynosoma blood from orbital
sinus - Sceloporus speciose (80 spp.) -
Uma fringes on toes for sand
25
24
11 Species of Phrynosomatidae
Sceloporus Group
Uta stansburiana Sceloporus magister Sceloporus
undulatus Sceloporus virgatus Uma
notata Callisaurus draconoides Cophosaurus
texanus Holbrookia maculata Phrynosoma
cornutum Phrynosoma modestum Phrynosoma mcallii
-
-
Sand
Horned
26
25
Squamata, non-Acrodont Iguania (Iguanidae) Polych
rotidae (8 genera, gt450 species SE U.S. to S
America, West Indies)
- includes Anoles (Anolis) often
studied difficult systematics b/c rapid
diversification - some dont autotomize -
subdigital lamellae geckos - intraspecific
communication
Anolis cristatellus
27
26
Squamata, non-Acrodont Iguania (Iguanidae) Tropi
duridae (12 genera, 275 species S America, West
Indies, Galapagos)
- variable habitats - diurnal - small
insectivores - Liolaemus to 5,000m in Andes
Liolaemus
28
27
Pough et al. 2004
29
28
Squamata, Acrodont Iguania Agamidae (45 genera,
gt380 species Africa, S Asia, Australia)
- acrodont - diurnal and terrestrial - no loss
of limbs - often extra crests, frills, spines -
Draco true glider - all oviparous, except
Phrynocephalus intervertebral autotomy
Laudakia stellio
Moloch horridus
30
29
Squamata, Acrodont Iguania Agamidae (cont)
- often extra crests, frills, spines
Chlamydosaurus kingii
Pough et al. 2001
31
30
Squamata, Acrodont Iguania Chamaeleonidae (6
genera, 130 species mostly Africa, Madagascar,
Spain, India)
- laterally compressed body - casques, horns,
crests - eyes move independently accomodation
not triangulation - zygodactylus feet
opposable - tail prehensile,
non-autotomous - long projectile tongue
xx
32
31
Pough et al. 2004
33
32
Squamata, Scleroglossa, Gekkota Gekkonidae (97
genera, 1050 species quite global)
- Geckos and Pygopods (flapfoots) - autotomic
tails - skin loss - clicks and chirps to
communicate - setae from subdigital
lamellae spatulate ends surface area -
nocturnal - most oviparous parthenogenetic
Paroedura pictus
34
33
Squamata, Scleroglossa, Gekkota Gekkonidae
(cont) (97 genera, 1050 species quite global)
- Pygopodinae (flapfoots) elongate and
snakelike no forelimbs hindlimbs reduced to
flaps - Eublepharinae terrestrial lack
subdigital setae retain eyelids dont
vocalize Coleonyx
Coleonyx variegatus
35
34
Pough et al. 2004
36
35
Squamata, Scleroglossa, Scincomorpha Teiidae and
Gymnopthalmidae (9 genera, 125 species 35
genera, gt150 species New World)
- Whiptails, Ameivas, Tegus Microteiids -
active and diurnal - variable - oviparous
communal nesting - parthenogenesis
common hybrid origin - some limb reduction -
Dracaena crush snails
Cnemidophorus velox
37
36
Squamata, Scleroglossa, Scincomorpha Lacertidae (2
5 genera, 250 species Africa and Eurasia)
- small granular dorsal scales - well developed
limbs - some with fringed toes - diurnal - most
oviparous - juvenile Heliobolus lugubris
mimics beetles
Lacerta vivipara
38
37
Pough et al. 2004
39
38
Squamata, Scleroglossa, Scincomorpha Xantusiidae (
3 genera, 18 species SW U.S., Mexico, Central
America)
- Night Lizards - small, secretive, nocturnal -
long lived - viviparous - flattened bodies and
heads - no moveable eyelids parthenogenetic no
t hybrid origin
Xantusia vigilis
40
39
Pough et al. 2004
41
40
Squamata, Scleroglossa, Scincomorpha Scincidae (11
5 genera, 1260 species cosmopolitan)
- Skinks - smooth, shiny, cycloid scales -
osteoderms - well developed 2nd palate -
diverse - most diurnal - 45 viviparous -
repeated limb reduction/loss
Tiliqua scincoides
Eumeces fasciatus
42
41
Squamata, Scleroglossa, Scincomorpha Cordylidae (4
genera, 42 species E and S Africa)
- Armadillo Lizards - scales in transverse
circles around body - heavily armored with
osteoderms rock-dwelling wedge in
crevices - most viviparous - limb reduction in
one Genus - Cordylus cataphractus roll in ball
with tail in mouth
Cordylus cataphractus
43
42
Squamata, Scleroglossa, Scincomorpha Gerrhosaurida
e (6 genera, 35 species sub-saharan Africa,
Madagascar)
- Plated Lizards - scales in transverse circles
no spines like Cordylids - prominent lateral
fold - some with reduced limbs
Gerrhosaurus nigrolineatus
44
43
Pough et al. 2004
45
44
Squamata, Scleroglossa, Anguimorpha Anguidae (13
genera, 110 species disjunct but mostly
world-wide except S Africa, NE Asia)
- Alligator and Glass Lizards - mostly
terrestrial - diurnal, but prefer cool and
humid - autotomize readily - repeated limb
reduction/loss - some viviparous - some parental
care of eggs
Elgaria kingii
46
45
Pough et al. 2004
47
46
Squamata, Scleroglossa, Anguimorpha Varanidae (1
genus, 40 species Africa, S Asia to China and
Australia)
- Varanids and Monitor Lizards - oviparous -
active - fast-moving - includes Komodo dragon
Varanus komodensis (to 3m) nasty bacteria
in mouth
Varanus komodensis
48
47
Squamata, Scleroglossa, Anguimorpha Helodermatidae
(1 genus, 2 species SW U.S. to Guatemala)
- Gila Monsters and Beaded Lizards - stout - tail
for fat storage - vertebrates (eggs) - widely
foraging, cooler temps burrows and trees - only
venomous lizards - unlike snakes, venom glands
are non-muscularized reside in tissue of
mandibles passive venom flow through grooved
teeth
Heloderma suspectum
49
END xx