? ????, ??? ? ???? ?????????? ?????-??, ? ???? ???????? ? ?????? ????????, ???? ?????? ? ????????? ?? ??????

1
?????????? ?????? ???????????? ??????????
???????????? ??????????? ????????? - I

• ????????? ???????????? ? ????????????? ??????
• ??????? ?????????? ? ?????????? ????????
• ?????? ?????????? ????????
• ???????? ??????? ???????? ?? ?.?.??????????
  ?????????? ???????? ????

2
???????????? ?????????? ???????????? ??????????
?????????
? ????, ??? ? ???? ?????????? ?????-??,? ????
???????? ? ?????? ????????, ???? ?????? ?
????????? ?? ?????? ???? ????????????? ? ?????

?.??????
3
??????
???????????? ?????????? ???????????? ??????????
?????????
4
???????????? ?????????? ???????????? ??????????
?????????
STARDUST
STARDUST, the fourth of NASAs Discovery-class
missions, was launched on 7 February 1999. The
spacecraft performed a close flyby of the comet
Wild-2, coming within 149 km of the comet
nucleus. The cometary's samples were collected
by extending a collection tray on a boom into the
gas/dust free stream emanating from the Comet, in
which the particles were trapped in a material
called aerogel.
Atkins K.L., Brownlee D.E., Duxbury T., Yen C.W.,
Tsou P., and Vollinga J.M., STARDUST
Discoverys InterStellar Dust and Cometary Sample
Return Mission, 1997 IEEE Aerospace Conference,
Vol.4., Inst. Of Electrical and Electronics
Engineers, Piscataway, NJ, Feb. 1997.
pp.229-245. Desai P.N., Lyons D.T., Tooley J.,
Kangas J., Entry, Descent, and Landing
Operations Analysis for the Stardust Entry
Capsule, J. of Spacecraft and Rockets. 2008.
Vol.45. No. 6. pp.1262-1268.
5
???????????? ?????????? ???????????? ??????????
?????????
STARDUST
Upon Earth return on the morning of 15 January
2006, the entry capsule containing the cometary
samples was released from the main spacecraft and
descended through the Earths atmosphere, decelera
ting with the aid of a parachute for a successful
landing at the U.S. Air Forces Utah Test and
Training in northwest Utah. STARDUST was the
first mission to return samples from a comet.
NASA
6
The STARDUST Sample Return Capsule (SRC) entered
the Earths atmosphere at velocity of 12.6
km/s.This is the highest energy vehicle entry
ever undertaken.
???????????? ?????????? ???????????? ??????????
?????????
7
STARDUST
???????????? ?????????? ???????????? ??????????
?????????
T of the Sun, K
STARDUST Temperature distributions along forward
stagnation line at t42 s.
8
???????????? ?????????? ???????????? ??????????
?????????
??????????? ????????? ??????? ????? ?????????
????? ??????????? ???????
9
???????????? ?????????? ???????????? ??????????
?????????

• ?????????? ???????
• ?????????, ??????????, ???????
• ???????????? ????? ????????? ??? ? ?????????
  ????????????? ?????????? ?? ????
• ?????????? ???????? ?????????? ? ??????????
  ???????? ????? ??????????? ????????? ? ?????????

10
???????????? ?????????? ???????????? ??????????
?????????
The beginning
Giotto, 1301, Adorazione dei magi
11
Some definitions from the physics of meteoroids
???????????? ?????????? ???????????? ??????????
?????????

• Meteoroid
• Is the solid object moving in interplanetary
  space. It has a size considerably smaller than
  an asteroid and considerably larger than an atom.
  
• A meteoroid can be characterized by sizes of
   0.1 mm and  10 m.
• Meteor
• Is the visible path of a meteoroid that has
  entered the Earths atmosphere.
• Bolide
• Is the exceptionally bright meteor (or fireball
  generated at its flash)

12
?????? ????????? ?????? ??????????????? ??????? ?
????? ?? ???????????? ??????? ? ?????????????
????? ?? ?????
???????????? ?????????? ???????????? ??????????
?????????
??????????? ?????????? ????????

• ???????? 10 60 ??/?
• ?????????????? ??????????? ?? ??????? ???????
  ????? ????????? 200 000- 300 000 ?

13
Spectral Signature of a Bolide
Flow fields around meteoroid were calculated for
four velocities 10 km/s, 20 km/s, 30 km/s, 40
km/s at altitude 70km.
Height 0.700E05 m
Temperature 0.220E03 K
Pressure 0.522E02 erg/cm3
Pressure 0.392E-01 Torr
Density 0.828E-07 g/cm3
Sound Velocity 0.297E05 cm/s
Viscosity 0.144E-03 g/(cms)
Heat Conductivity 0.198E-05 W/(cmK)
Particle Numbers 0.172E16 1/cm3
Mach nummber 0.290E02 g/mole
Frequency of Collision 0.408E06 1/s
Free Path 0.981E-01 cm
?
14
Spectral Signature of a Bolide
?
15
Spectral Signature of a Bolide
Tvib(N2)
Ttr
?
V840 km/s, h70 km
Tvib(O2)
16
Spectral Signature of a Bolide
N2
V8
?
V840 km/s, h70 km
O2
17
Spectral Signature of a Bolide
N
Pressure
?
V840 km/s, h70 km
O
18
Spectral Signature of a Bolide
N
E-
?
V810 km/s, h70 km
O
19
Spectral Signature of a Bolide
?
V810 km/s, 30 km/s, 40 km/s
20
???????????? ?????????? ???????????? ??????????
?????????

• ???????????? ????? ????????? ???
• Mars Observer (NASA) ???????? 1992 ??????
  1992 (??????)
• Mars Global Surveyor (NASA) ?????? 1996
  ???????? 1997 (???????? ?????? ???? ????? ?
  ?????? 2001)
• Mars Climate Orbiter (NASA) ??????? 1998
  ???????? 1999 (??????)
• Mars Polar Lander (NASA) 3 ?????? 1999 ???????
  1999 (??????)
• Mars Exploration Rover Mission (NASA) ???? 2003
  - ?????? 2004
• Mars Express (NASA-ESA) ???? 2003 ??????? 2003
  (??????)
• Mars Exploration Rover Spirit, ??????? ????
  2004
• Mars Opportunity, ??????? ???? 2004

21
???????????? ?????????? ???????????? ??????????
?????????

• ????????????? ??????
• Mars Polar Lander 1999 ???
• Mars Climate 1999 ???
• ??????? 1998 ???
• ????-96 1996 ???
• Mars Observer 1992 ???
• ??? "?????" 1988 ???
• ???????-8 1971 ???
• ???????-3 1964 ???

• ??????????? ????????, ????????? ????
• Mars Global Surveyor ? 1997 ?? 2006 ???
• Mars Pathfinder 1996 ???
• ??? ?????-2 ? 1988 ???? (????????)
• ??? "??????" ? ??? "??????-2" 1976 ???
• ???????-9 1971 ???
• ???????-6,7 1969 ???
• ???????-4 1964 ???

22
???????????? ?????????? ???????????? ??????????
?????????
23
Global mosaic of 102 Viking 1 Orbiter images of
Mars taken on orbit 1,334, 22 February 1980. The
images are projected into point perspective,
representing what a viewer would see from a
spacecraft at an altitude of 2,500 km. At center
is Valles Marineris, over 3000 km long and up to
8 km deep. Note the channels running up (north)
from the central and eastern portions of Valles
Marineris to the dark area, Acidalic Planitia, at
upper right. At left are the three Tharsis
volcanoes and to the south is ancient, heavily
impacted terrain. (Viking 1 Orbiter,
MG07S078-334SP)
24
????
??????????????? ????? ?????
????????? ????? ???????? ?????? ??????????? ??
????????? ???????????. ? ????? ?????????
??????????? ????????? ?? 12 ?? ??? ???????
??????? ? ????? ?????? ?????????. ??? ????? ?????
?????????? ?????? ????????. ?? ?????? ???????????
? ???????? ????????? ???? ???????? ??????, ?????
???? ????????, ? ???????? ????? ????????
???????????? ??????? ???????, ????????,
?????????????? ? ?????????? ?????????? ????? ?
??????. ????? ???????? ????????? ????????
?????????????. ??????? ????? ??????????? ???????
???????? ?? ???????? ?????, ???????????? ?? 30 ?
????????. ??????? ??????? ? ???????????? ?
???????? ????? ? ??????????? ?? ?????. ????? ???
??????????? ????? ????????????? ???????
??????????? ???????????.
25
????
??????   ????????? ??????? ???????? ????? ??
????? ????????? ?????. ???? ???????? ??????
???????? ????????? ????????? ????????
???????????. ?????? ????????????, ????????, ?
?????????? ??????? ????????? ????????? ?
????????? ?????? ????????????? ????????? ???????.
?? ???? ??? ??????? ??????  ?????????? ?????????
????????? ?? ?????. ?? ???????  ????? 2100 ??.
??????? ???????  9 ?? ?? ????????? ? ??????????
?? ?????????????? ? 4 ?? ?? ????????? ??
????????????????? ???????.
26
????
?????? ?????? (Gusev Crater) ???????????
??????? ?????? ????????? 170 ??. ?? ??? ?????? ?
????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ??????
(18261866) ? 1976. ? 2004 ?????? ?????????
???????????? ?????????? Spirit.
27
????
Project NASA Mars Exploration Rover
28
???????????? ?????????? ???????????? ??????????
?????????

• ???????????? ????? ????????? ???
• Mars-Pathfinder, 1996-1997

29
???????????? ?????????? ???????????? ??????????
?????????

• ???????????? ????? ????????? ???
• Mars-Pathfinder, 1996-1997

30
???????????? ?????????? ???????????? ??????????
?????????

• ???????????? ????? ????????? ???
• Mars-Pathfinder, 1996-1997

31
???????????? ?????????? ???????????? ??????????
?????????

• ???????????? ????? ????????? ???
• Mars-Pathfinder, 1996-1997

32
????????????????? ??????????? ???????????
?????????

• ???????????? ????? ????????? ???
• Mars-Pathfinder, 1996-1997

33
???????????? ?????????? ???????????? ??????????
?????????

• ???????????? ????? ????????? ???
• Mars-Pathfinder, 1996-1997

34
???????????? ?????????? ???????????? ??????????
?????????

• ???????????? ????? ????????? ???
• Mars-Pathfinder, 1996-1997

35
???????????? ?????????? ???????????? ??????????
?????????

• ???????????? ????? ????????? ???
• Mars-Pathfinder, 1996-1997

36
???????????? ?????????? ???????????? ??????????
?????????

• ???????????? ????? ????????? ???
• Mars-Pathfinder, 1996-1997

37
???????????? ?????????? ???????????? ??????????
?????????

• ???????????? ????? ????????? ???,
• Mars-Express, 2003

38
???????????? ?????????? ???????????? ??????????
?????????

• ???????????? ????? ????????? ???,
• Mars-Express, 2003

Beagle
39
???????????? ?????????? ???????????? ??????????
?????????

• ???????????? ????? ????????? ???,
• Mars Exploration Rover Spirit, 2003 - 2004

40
???????????? ?????????? ???????????? ??????????
?????????

• ???????????? ????? ????????? ???,
• Mars Opportunity, 2003 - 2004

41
???????????? ?????????? ???????????? ??????????
?????????

• ????????? ?????????? ?? ????
• 2011
• ?????-????? - ?????????
• 2012
• Exomars ????????????? ???????????? ???????????
  ????? (ESA)
• 2012
• Mars Science Laboratory ???????? ??????? 2012
  -2014 (NASA)
• 2017 ?
• MSRO ??????????? ?? ????? ???????????? ????????
  ? ??????? ?????
• 2040
• ???????????? ????? ?? ???? (?)

42
???????????? ?????????? ???????????? ??????????
?????????

• ????????? ?????????? ?????????? ?? ????? 2011

43
???????????? ?????????? ???????????? ??????????
?????????

• ?????????? ???????? ?????????? ? ??????????
  ???????? ????? ??????????? ????????? ? ?????????
  ?????? ? ??????????? ?? ?????

44
???????????? ?????????? ???????????? ??????????
?????????
???????? ???????????? ??????-??????????
????????1. ?????????? ?????????? ???????
?????????-???????????? ?????????2. ????????
???????????? ?????3. ???????????? ???????????
?????????? ?????????????
?????????? ????????1. ????? ???????????
???????????????? ????2. ????? ?????????? ????? ?
????????? ??????? 3. ??????????? ???????? ??????
?? ?? ???????????? ? ???????????? ????????
??????? 4. ????????????? ?????????? ??????????
????? ? ????????????????????? ??????????
45
???????????? ?????????? ???????????? ??????????
?????????

• ??? ???????????? ????? ???????? ?????
• ?
• ??????????? ?????? ???????????? ??????????
  ??????????? ????????? (??)

60-70? ???? XX ????
90? ???? XX ????
??????????? ????
46
???????????? ?????????? ???????????? ??????????
?????????
NERAT Non-Equilibrium Radiative
Aero-Thermodynamics ??????????? ??? ????? ???
???????? ???????? ?????
?????????? ????????
???????????? ???????
???? ??????
???? ??????
???????????? ?????????? ????????
?????????? ????????
???? ??????
???? ??????
????????????????? ? ?????????? ????????
47
Spectral Signature of a Bolide
Verification scheme of NERAT-ASTEROID codes
48
?????? ??????????? Fire-II
???????????? ?????????? ???????????? ??????????
?????????
Time (sec) Altitude (km) Velocity (km/s) Density (kg/m3) T? (K)
1634 76.42 11.36 3.72 10-5 195
1637.5 67.05 11.25 1.47 10-4 228
1640.5 59.26 10.97 3.86 10-4 254
1643. 53.04 10.48 7.8 10-4 276
1645 48.37 9.83 1.32 10-3 285
Non Equilibrium
LTE
1Olynick, D.R., Henline, W.D., Chambers, L.H.,
Candler, G.V., Comparison of Coupled Radiative
Navier-Stokes Flow Solutions with the Project
Fire-II Flight Data, AIAA 94-1955, 1995, 15 p.
49
Fire-II
???????????? ?????????? ???????????? ??????????
?????????
1Olynick, D.R., Henline, W.D., Chambers, L.H.,
Candler, G.V., Comparison of Coupled Radiative
Navier-Stokes Flow Solutions with the Project
Fire-II Flight Data, AIAA 94-1955, 1995, 15 p.
50
Fire-II
???????????? ?????????? ???????????? ??????????
?????????
51
???????????? ?????????? ???????????? ??????????
?????????
52
???????????? ?????????? ???????????? ??????????
?????????
Fire-II
53
???????????? ?????????? ???????????? ??????????
?????????
Experimental Research in Superorbital Expansion
Tube
McIntyre T.J., Gnoffo P. et al. Comparison of
Experimental and Numerical Studies of Ionizing
Flow over a Cylinder. AIAA Journal, 2003, Vo. 41,
No. 11
54
???????????? ?????????? ???????????? ??????????
?????????
Experimental Research in Superorbital Expansion
Tube
McIntyre T.J., Gnoffo P. et al. Comparison of
Experimental and Numerical Studies of Ionizing
Flow over a Cylinder. AIAA Journal, 2003, Vo. 41,
No. 11
55
???????????? ?????????? ???????????? ??????????
?????????
Experimental Research in Superorbital Expansion
Tube
McIntyre T.J., Gnoffo P. et al. Comparison of
Experimental and Numerical Studies of Ionizing
Flow over a Cylinder. AIAA Journal, 2003, Vo. 41,
No. 11
56
???????????? ?????????? ???????????? ??????????
?????????

• ??????????
• 1. ????????????? (?????????????) ??????????????
  ??????? (????????????
• ?????? ????????? ???????, ???????? ?????????????
  ??) ??????? ????????
• ????? ??????????? ???????????? ???????
  ?????????????????,
• ??????????????? ??????????? ??????????? ????????
  ??????? ??????????, ?.?.
• ?????????? ?? ??????????? ??????????????? ???? ?
  ???????????????
• ????????.
• ???????? ???????????? ??????-?????????? ????????
  ? ?????????
• ???????????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ????????
  ????? ?? ?????????
• ??????? ???????????, ??????? ????????????
  ?????????? ??? ????????
• ????? ??????????????? ???????