The Birth of Microbiology

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The Birth of Microbiology

• Kingdom Monera The Bacteria

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The Story of Microbiology

• From the time of the Romans to the late 1800s it
  was believed that life could arise spontaneously
  from non-living matter. Eg. Maggots on
  rotting meat, mould on bread
• 1850s childbed fever is reduced when med
  students are forced to wash their hands.
• Louis Pasteur rotting meat experiments ?
  dispelled spontaneous generation

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The Story of Microbiology

• Pasteur Solved the French wine-spoilage
  problem. Used heat to destroy microbes called
  pasteurization. Hypothesized that microbes
  could cause sickness Germ Theory.
• Joseph Lister English surgeonsterilizes
  surgical instrumentssurvival rates increase.
• Late 1800s- Robert Koch isolates and cultures
  bacteria responsible for anthrax in sheep and
  tuberculosis in humans.

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• What household product did they name after Joseph
  Lister?

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The Classification of Living Things
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Kingdom Monera

• Archaebacteria
• Primitive bacteria
• Survive under extreme conditions
• Types Thermophiles - extreme heat
• Methanogens - swamps, no O2
• Halophiles - salty enviros
• Eubacteria
• More advanced bacteria, more common

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Bacteria

1. All bacteria are single celled.
2. All are prokaryotes (no nucleus).
3. Cell organelles are not surrounded by membranes.
4. DNA is made of a single chromosome in a ring
   called a plasmid.
5. Most reproduce asexually.

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Bacteria Shapes

• Shapes
• Coccus
• Bacillus
• Spirillum
• Prefixes
• 1 mono
• 2 diplo
• Chain strepto
• Cluster staphylo

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What do you see???
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Nutrition

• Heterotrophs (most)
• Parasites (absorb nutrients from living orgs.)
  or
• Saprobes (decay dead matter)
• Autotrophs- (few)
• Use sunlight (cyanobacteria)

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Respiration

• Occurs in the inner cell membrane
• Aerobic Bacteria (need O2)
• Anaerobic Bacteria (no O2 needed)
• -Eg. Clostridium BotulinumCarrot juice

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Reproduction

• Binary fission? Asexual
• Conjugation ? Sexual leads to resistance
  to antibiotics

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Reproduction

• 3. Endospores When conditions are unfavourable
  the bacteria forms a protective wall and lies
  dormant until conditions improve.

Endospores in a human lung
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Helpful Bacteria

• Nitrogen Fixation
• Converts N2 to the more useful NO3
• Nutrient Cycles
• Decompose Matter
• Waste Management Bioremediation
• Sewage Treatment
• (We produce 5 billion kg a daybacteria break it
  down!)

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Harmful Bacteria

• A small percentage are Pathogenic (disease
  causing)
• These bacteria produce deadly toxins or effects.
• E.g. Coliform levels in water fecal pathogens
• Examples Pneumonia, tuberculosis, botulism,
  Flesh Eating Disease

Streptococcus
Necrotizing Fasciitis