Huffman PowerPoint Slides

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Memory
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Objectives

• To give the concept of memory
• To discuss the process of memory
• To understand different problems with the memory
• To learn about memory strategies to improve
  memory

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Lecture Outline

• Concept of Memory
• Three-Stage Model of Memory
• Forgetting and Memory
• Problems with Memory
• Memory Improvement

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Memory

• Memory is the ability to code, store and retrieve
  information
• Procedural how to ride a bike
• Factual definition of learning
• Memory involves coding the input of the senses
  (visual, auditory)

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Importance of Memory

• Memory is the most extraordinary phenomenon
• Nearly all higher mental functions (speech,
  thinking, perceptions, moods, judgments) are
  based on phenomenon of memory
• Stores events as video recordings along with
  associated feelings and emotions
• Pleasant and unpleasant memories

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Three Stages of Memory

• Human memory resembles a computer
• It has three stages
• Encoding Sensory information is received and
  coded or transferred into neural impulses which
  can be processed further or stored for later use.
• Storage the encoded information is stored in
  memory system. Some information is stored briefly
  and then discarded e.g. telephone number, others
  used frequently is stored on permanent basis

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• Retrieval when we recall or bring a memory in
  consciousness, we have retrieved it. This process
  is called Memory Retrieval.

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Three Types of Memory

• Sensory Memory is a brief representation of a
  stimulus while being processed in the sensory
  system
• Storage of sensory events such as sights, sounds
  and tastes

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• Short-Term Memory (STM) is working memory
• Selective Attention determine what information
  to send to short-term memories
• Brief memory, temporary storehouse
• Information is stored as images, sounds
• Limited capacity (7 items)
• Duration is about 30 seconds

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• Long-Term Memory
• Permanent storehouse
• LTM is large capacity and long duration
• Information transferred from STM to LTM is coded
  into categories and stored in terms of meaning
  and importance

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Overview of Memory Model
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Varieties of LTM

• Psychologists distinguish between two types of
  LTM
• Semantic memory refers to factual information,
  general and specific information
• (What is the capital of Pakistan?)
• Episodic memory refers to memory of personal
  events as to where and when an event happened
• I remember visiting the
• My first day at college

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Overview of LTM
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Organization of LTM

• Items in LTM are organized in categories that
  form a hierarchy with multiple paths (direct and
  indirect) to each item
• Sometimes the cues required to recall an item are
  not sufficient
• Tip-of the tongue phenomenon person cant easily
  recall the item, but shows some recall for its
  characteristics (it begins with the letter .)

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Rehearsal

• This process consists of keeping items of
  information in the centre of attention by
  repeating them
• If someone having good memory it is due to his
  ability and experience in rehearsing
• Not only amount of rehearsal is important but
  also the ways in which information is rehearsed
• Elaborative rehearsal giving meaning,
  organization to the material being rehearsed

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Memory Measures

• Recognition is when a specific cue (face or name)
  is matched against LTM
• Recall is when a general cue is used to search
  memory
• e.g. define the term personality
• Relearning refers to a situation in which a
  person learns material a second time. Memory is
  evident in savings of time to relearn the second
  time versus the first

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Flashbulb Memories

• Where were you when you first heard
• That Benazir Bhutto had been killed?

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Forgetting

• Forgetting is the inability to recall previously
  learned information
• Forgetting refers to memory failure
• Forgetting rate is steep just after learning and
  then becomes a gradual loss of recall

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Theories of Forgetting

• Interference theory argues that learning new
  things interferes with what we learned earlier
• Proactive interference old information
  interferes with recall of new information
• Retroactive interference new information
  interferes with recall of old information
• Decay theory memory trace fades with time

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• Motivated forgetting involves the loss of
  painful, unpleasant memories (protective memory
  loss)
• Repression
• Retrieval failure the information is still
  within LTM, but cannot be recalled because the
  retrieval cue is absent

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Interference and Memory
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Amnesia

• Amnesia is forgetting produced by brain injury or
  by trauma
• Retrograde amnesia refers to problems with recall
  of information prior to a trauma
• Anterograde amnesia refers to problems with
  recall of information after a trauma

Anterograde amnesia
Retrograde amnesia
Point of Trauma
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Pathological Changes in Memory

• MMSE
• Amnestic disorders
• Dementias
• Alzheimers diseases

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Anatomy of Memory

• Two key parts of limbic system are essential in
  receiving new information and storing it
• Hippocampus
• Amygdala

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Anatomy of Memory
Bilateral damage to the hippocampus results in
anterograde amnesia
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Memory Strategies

• Feedback of Knowledge feedback allows you to
  check effectiveness of learning
• Attention
• Recitation and Rehearsal repetition of what you
  have learnt

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• Organization and Categorization-chunks
• North, man, blue, summer, girl, green, west,
  yellow, boy, east, woman
• Chunking helps long term memory
• Linking information meaningfully
• Organizing ideas into hierarchies

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• Selection careful and selective marking in your
  text book
• Attach emotions, feelings we hardly forget what
  is emotionally significant

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• Distributed practice refers to spacing learning
  periods in contrast to massed practice in which
  learning is crammed into a single session
• Distributed practice leads to better retention
• Sleep sleep after the study is helpful and
  reduces the interference

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• Overlearning memory is greatly improved when
  study is continued beyond bare mastery.
• Review
• Manage your time

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What do we remember?

• Flanagan (1997) argues that we remember
• 20 of what we read
• 30 of what we hear
• 40 of what we see
• 50 of what we say
• 60 of what we do
• And
• 90 of what we read, hear, see, say and do.

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THANKS